BIBLIOGRAPHY: ENVIS Centre, Ministry of Environment & Forest, Govt. of India

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| Last Updated: :29/12/2023

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Title : Iron
Subject : Iron
Printed Year : 2023

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Title	Effect of exogenous taurine on pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants under salinity and iron deficiency stress
Author Name	Muhammad Arslan Ashraf, Rizwan Rasheed, Muhammad Rizwan, Iqbal Hussain, Ramish Aslam, Freeha Fatima Qureshi, Barira Shoukat Hafiza, Rohina Bashir, Shafaqat Ali
Journal Name	Environmental Research
Year	2023
Volume and Issue	223
Pages	115448
Abstracts	Soil salinity and Fe deficiency affect plant growth and survival by changing nutrient availability and disrupting water balance. Natural and human activities, such as evaporation and deforestation, can intensify these soil conditions. Taurine, a novel growth regulator, holds promise in mediating plant defense responses. Its effects on defense responses are still unclear. Previously, taurine showed potential in improving clover tolerance to alkaline stress and manganese toxicity. Taurine impact on plant growth under Fe deficiency and salinity stress remains uninvestigated. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of taurine on pea plant growth, ion uptake, and defense strategies in response to salt stress and Fe deficiency. Iron deficiency was established by substituting 0.1 mM FeSO4 for 0.1 mM Fe-EDTA in the nutrient solution. Salinity stress was induced by incorporating a mixture of NaCl, MgCl2, KCl, Na2SO4, Na2CO3, NaHCO3 and CaCl2 in a 1:1:1:1:1:1:1 ratio to produce a salinity concentration of 100 mM. The simultaneous imposition of salinity and Fe deficiency significantly exacerbated oxidative stress, as evidenced by elevated levels of relative membrane permeability, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide radical (O2•−), methylglyoxal (MG), malondialdehyde (MDA), and increased activity of lipoxygenase (LOX). Salinity stress alone and the combination of salinity and Fe deficiency resulted in substantial accumulation of Na+ ions that impeded acquisition of essential nutrients. Taurine (100 and 200 mg L−1) notably improved osmotic adjustment and oxidative defense to diminish water imbalance and oxidative injury in plants under stress. These results suggest that exogenous taurine may serve as a promising means of mitigating the detrimental effects of salt stress and Fe deficiency in plants.
Keywords	Antioxidants; Salt stress; Iron; Taurine

Title	Potential of animal manure amendments in combating calcareous induced iron deficiency in pearl millet
Author Name	Abdelmajid Krouma
Journal Name	Plant Stress
Year	2023
Volume and Issue	7
Pages	100139
Abstracts	Calcareous soils are known for their nutritional disorders due to the insoluble form of iron that limits free Fe availability for crops. However, it is well established that organic fertilization improves the physicochemical and biological properties of the soil and can mitigate nutrient deficiency. According to this approach, a greenhouse experiment was conducted on four pearl millet genotypes cultivated on calcareous soil added with an increasing concentration of animal compost as a sustainable approach to mitigate lime-induced Fe deficiency and propose an organic farming system. Fe mobility in the soil-plant system, plant growth, chlorophyll, and photosynthesis were analyzed. All plants grown in calcareous soil developed specific iron deficiency symptoms, with varying intensities and dates of emergence depending on genotype. The addition of compost significantly improved iron availability in the calcareous soil, increased Fe uptake and accumulation in the plant, alleviated symptoms of iron chlorosis, and stimulated photosynthesis and plant growth. Animal compost improved calcareous soil characteristics, followed by Fe availability and uptake. The genotypic differences observed in this study confirmed the specific performance of IP19586 and IP13150, which expressed higher capacities of Fe remobilization in the rhizosphere, Fe uptake, and preferential allocation to shoots.
Keywords	Animal compost; Calcareous soil; Iron; Pearl Millet; Photosynthesis; Spad index

Title	Remediation of heavy metal-contaminated iron ore tailings by applying compost and growing perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)
Author Name	Sajeevee S. Sarathchandra, Zed Rengel, Zakaria M. Solaiman
Journal Name	Chemosphere
Year	2021
Volume and Issue	--
Pages	132573
Abstracts	Improper disposal of heavy metal-contaminated iron ore tailings poses a significant risk to the surrounding environments. Adding compost and growing ryegrass could be a cost-effective long-term solution for remediation of iron ore tailings. We conducted a glasshouse study to investigate the impact of compost amendment (0, 50, 75 and 100% w/w) on growth and accumulation of heavy metals (Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Ni and Zn) and As in shoots of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) grown in two iron ore tailings (Christmas Creek and Solomon mines, Pilbara, Western Australia). Ryegrass was harvested 45 and 60 days after sowing. Christmas Creek iron ore tailings had total concentrations (mg kg−1) of Fe (449,000), Mn (6900), Zn (109), Co (16) and As (7.3). Solomon mine tailings had total concentrations (mg kg−1) of Fe (457,000), Ni (21), Zn (109) and As (45). Both tailings had low cation exchange capacity, organic matter, air porosity and near-neutral pH, but varied in particle size distribution (Christmas Creek–clay loam and Solomon–sandy loam). Ryegrass germination was higher in the extract of Solomon than Christmas Creek tailings. Increasing compost-to-tailings ratio increased dry shoot biomass at 45 days. The heavy metal/metalloid concentrations in shoots significantly decreased with increasing compost-to-tailings ratio, except for Cu and Zn. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) of heavy metals (metal concentration in shoot/total metal concentration in substrate) significantly decreased with an increasing proportion of compost in growth substrate. The BCF was >1 for Zn and Cu, and <1 for other heavy metals. A high concentration of organic matter in compost treatments likely contributed to the enhanced mobilisation of Cu and Zn for plant uptake. In contrast, compost stabilised other metals/metalloids in the tailings to decrease their uptake by ryegrass and maintain plant growth despite relatively high Mn, Fe, As and Pb concentrations in iron ore tailings.
Keywords	Bioconcentration factor; Compost; Heavy metals; Ryegrass; Tailings

Title	Morpho-physiological retardations due to iron toxicity involve redox imbalance rather than photosynthetic damages in tomato
Author Name	UrmiDas, Md MotiurRahman, Zuthika Rani Roy, Md MominurRahman, Ahmad Humayan Kabir
Journal Name	Plant Physiology and Biochemistry
Year	2020
Volume and Issue	156
Pages	55-63
Abstracts	Iron (Fe) toxicity is a major nutritional disorder that affects growth and yield in plants. Understanding the responses or damages due to Fe-toxicity may provide useful knowledge to improve tomato varieties. This study investigates the physiological and molecular responses in Fe-toxic tomato plants. The tomato plants were grown in separate hydroponic containers with two concentrations of Fe-EDTA (25 μM and 5 mM) in addition to the other nutrient elements. Fe-toxicity showed a severe reduction in growth parameters, which was accompanied by the increased electrolyte leakage and cell death in tomato. However, the SPAD score, quantum efficiency of PSII, and photosynthesis performance index did not show any changes in leaves, suggesting that damages due to Fe-toxicity are not related to the photosynthetic disturbance in tomato. The FCR (ferric chelate reductase) activity in root along with the Fe concentration in root and shoot significantly increased, being consistent with the upregulation of Fe-related genes (SlNramp1 and SlFRO1) in roots. It suggests that inefficiency to cope with elevated Fe is closely linked to Fe mobilization and uptake in roots of tomato. Consequently, this sensitive genotype was more prone to oxidative damages because of the inefficient antioxidant defense linked to antioxidant enzymes and metabolites. In conclusion, the growth retardation in Fe-toxic tomato is not related to photosynthetic inefficiency but highly associated with oxidative injuries in cells. These findings could be targeted in breeding or transgenic program to improve tomato plants sensitive to Fe toxicity.).
Keywords	Iron toxicity; Tomato; Fe-reductase activity; Redox imbalance; PSII

Title	Enhancing Iron uptake and Alleviating Iron Toxicity in Wheat by Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria: Theories and Practices
Author Name	Le He, Zonghao Yue, Can Chen, Chunyan Li, Juan Li and Zhongke Sun
Journal Name	International Journal of Agriculture & Biology
Year	2020
Volume and Issue	23(1)
Pages	190-196
Abstracts	Though iron is a rich mineral in soil, its bioavailability for many crops is low. Considering the vital role of iron in all organisms, iron deficiency (ID) is one of the most widespread and common nutritional problem in the world. The hidden hunger caused by ID seriously affects the quality of human life and economic development. As one of the major staple foods, wheat grain is in short of iron as well. Iron absorbing in wheat is mainly through its root by the strategy II which gets iron from the rhizosphere through the release and uptake of Fe-chelating mugineic acid phytosiderophores. Meanwhile, there are versatile bacteria lived in both the rhizosphere and indigenous region of wheat root. Many of them are communistic or termed plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), needing iron for growth and work as well. Contrasting to wheat, bacteria uptakes both dissociative inorganic and associative organic iron combined with siderophores more efficiently, mainly through different ATP binding cassette transporters. Laboratory and field experiments showed many PGPB improve wheat iron uptake when iron is deficient by producing different metabolites and regulating transporters, which provided basis for a microbiological strategy to iron biofortification. On the other side, many PGPB reduced iron toxicity to wheat as their strong bioleaching capacity and negative regulation of iron uptake or transport when iron is plenty © 2020 Friends Science Publishers.).
Keywords	Iron uptake; Iron deficiency; Iron toxicity; Wheat; PGPB

Title	Phenotypic Assessment of Natural Diversity in Low-Land Rice Germplasm as Affected by Iron Toxicity
Author Name	Saha, D., Mohanty, I. C., Panda, S., Bastia, D., & Pradhan, S.
Journal Name	Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology
Year	2020
Volume and Issue	39(15)
Pages	43-51
Abstracts	Iron toxicity that seriously affect rice yield is a critical concern for the crop improvement programs in rice. Morphological analysis of germplasm is essential for the success of varietal crop improvement programs. The objective of this investigation is to estimate the phenotypic diversification of one hundred and fifty germplasm to identify the tolerant genotypes under iron toxic situation for exploitation of inherited variability from the accessible germplasm. Experiment has been carried out under lowland field condition to determine the reaction of rice germplasm under hotspots for iron toxicity. Significant differences among the genotypes have been observed. A significant difference is present among all the traits like days to 50% flowering, Plant height, panicle length, grain/panicle, grain weight, yield, leaf bronzing index (LBI) and tillers number. The phylogenetic analysis was also carried out to find out a core population for further study like association mapping with trait of interest. The genotypes like Mahsuri, Kusuma, Ganjamgedi, Pratikhya, Swarna, Dhusura have been found to be tolerant genotypes under iron toxic condition.
Keywords	Iron toxicity, genetic diversity, tolerant, morphological

Title	Preliminary study on the electrocatalytic performance of an iron biochar catalyst prepared from iron-enriched plants
Author Name	XinqiangCao YingpingHuang, ChangcunTang, JianzhuWang, DavidJonson, YanfenFang
Journal Name	Journal of Environmental Sciences
Year	2020
Volume and Issue	88
Pages	81-89
Abstracts	Eichhornia crassipes is a hyperaccumulator of metals and has been widely used to remove metal pollutants from water, but disposal of contaminated plants is problematic. Biochar prepared from plants is commonly used to remediate soils and sequester carbon. Here, the catalytic activity of biochar prepared from plants enriched with iron was investigated as a potentially beneficial use of metal-contaminated plants. In a 30-day hydroponic experiment, E. crassipes was exposed to different concentrations of Fe(III) (0, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 6 4mg/L), and Fe-biochar (Fe-BC) was prepared by pyrolysis of the plant roots. The biochar was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The original root morphology was visible and iron was present as γ-Fe2O3 and Fe₃O₄. The biochar enriched with Fe(III) at 8mg/L (8-Fe-BC) had the smallest specific surface area (SSA, 13.54 m²/g) and the highest Fe content (27.9 mg/g). Fe-BC catalytic activity was tested in the electrocatalytic reduction of H₂O₂ using cyclic voltammetry (CV). The largest reduction current (1.82 mA/cm²) was displayed by 8-Fe-BC, indicating the highest potential catalytic activity. We report here, for the first time, on the catalytic activity of biochar made from iron-enriched plants and demonstrate the potential for reusing metal-contaminated plants to produce a biochar catalyst.).
Keywords	Hyperaccumulator; Eichhornia crassipes; Fe-doped biochar; H₂O₂ electrocatalysis

Title	Mechanistic understanding of iron toxicity tolerance in contrasting rice varieties from Africa: 2. Root oxidation ability and oxidative stress control
Author Name	Dorothy A. Onyango, Fredrickson Entila, James Egdane, Myrish Pacleb, Meggy Lou Katimbang, Mathew M. Dida, Abdelbagi M. Ismail and Khady N. Drame
Journal Name	Functional Plant Biology
Year	2020
Volume and Issue	47(2)
Pages	145-155
Abstracts	To enhance breeding efficiency for iron (Fe) toxicity tolerance and boost lowland rice production in sub-Saharan Africa, we have characterised the morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of contrasting rice varieties to excess iron. Here, we report the capacity of four varieties (CK801 and Suakoko8 (tolerant), Supa and IR64 (sensitive)) to oxidise iron in the rhizosphere and control iron-induced oxidative stress. The experiments were conducted in hydroponic conditions using modified Magnavaca nutrient solution and 300 ppm of ferrous iron (Fe²⁺) supplied in the form of FeSO₄. Severe oxidative stress was observed in sensitive varieties as revealed by their high levels of lipid peroxidation. Histochemical and biochemical analyses showed that tolerant varieties exhibited a better development of the aerenchyma and greater oxygen release than the sensitive varieties in response to excess Fe. Both suberin and lignin deposits were observed in the root, stem and leaf tissues but with varying intensities depending on the variety. Under iron toxic conditions, tolerant varieties displayed increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), peroxidase (POX) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities in both the roots and shoots, whereas sensitive varieties showed increased APX and catalase (CAT) activities in the roots. This study had revealed also that Suakoko8 mainly uses root oxidation to exclude Fe2+ from its rhizosphere, and CK801 possesses a strong reactive oxygen species scavenging system, in addition to root oxidation ability. Key traits associated with these tolerance mechanisms such as a well-developed aerenchyma, radial oxygen loss restricted to the root cap as well as strong activation of antioxidative enzymes (SOD, GR, POX and APX) could be useful selection criteria in rice varietal improvement programs for enhanced Fe toxicity tolerance.
Keywords	abiotic stress, aerenchyma, antioxidants, iron oxidation control, radial oxygen loss, rice.

Title	Genetic diversity of African’s rice (Oryza glaberrima Steud.) accessions cultivated under iron toxicity
Author Name	Tawelsi Mayaba, Nerbéwendé Sawadogo, Mahamadi Hamed Ouédraogo , Boureima Sawadogo , Mawulé Aziadekey , Moussa Sié , Mahamadou Sawadogo
Journal Name	Australian journal of Crop Science
Year	2020
Volume and Issue	14(03)
Pages	415-421
Abstracts	Iron toxicity stress is one of the most important constraints to rice production in Togo. Although several methods were explored to control this stress, the best one is still the genetic control through the use of tolerant or resistant varieties. Our hypothesis is that African’s rice, Oryza glaberrima, accessions contain sources of tolerance or resistance to the iron toxicity stress. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the level and the structure of the African’s rice, Oryza glaberrima, genetic diversity and to identify tolerant genotypes. Two hundred and four (204) accessions obtain from Africa Rice genebank and eight control varieties were evaluated under iron toxicity conditions using alpha lattice design with three replications. There was significant variability among accessions for height of mature plants and weight of 1000 seeds. The coefficient of variation values ranged from 10.56% for the 50% flowering to 77.47% for the sterility rate. The principal component analysis (PCA) with all the measured characteristics revealed that the first four axes accounted for 59.93% of the total variability. The coordinates of the variables showed that, six (6) accessions (T30, T60, H60, Tf, yield and Tox60) are associated to the factor F1 with an eigenvalue of 2,81. A high correlation between 50% flowering and plant height, fertile tillers and number of tillers, sterility rate and total number of seeds and yield were also observed. The accessions were divided into three (3) distinct groups. Sixty (60) accessions and four (4) controls (CG14, IR64, Azucena Whyte and NERICA L-20) identified as tolerant genotypes were clustered together in Group 3. These tolerant accessions could be exploited in the rice breeding program for the tolerance to iron toxicity stress.
Keywords	Agromorpological variability, Genotypes, Oryza glaberrima, Iron toxicity stress.

Title	Bridging old and new: diversity and evaluation of high iron-associated stress response of rice cultivated in West Africa
Author Name	Bathe Diop, Diane R Wang, Khady N Drame, Vernon Gracen, Pangirayi Tongoona, Daniel Dzidzienyo, Eric Nartey, Anthony J Greenberg, Saliou Djiba, Eric Y Danquah, Susan R McCouch
Journal Name	Journal of Experimental Botany
Year	2020
Volume and Issue	71(14)
Pages	4188-4200
Abstracts	Adoption of rice varieties that perform well under high iron-associated (HIA) stress environments can enhance rice production in West Africa. This study reports the genetic characterization of 323 rice accessions and breeding lines cultivated in West Africa using genotyping-by-sequencing and their phenotypic response to HIA treatments in hydroponic solution (1500 mg l−1 FeSO₄•7H₂O) and hot-spot fields. The germplasm consisted of four genetic subpopulations: Oryza glaberrima (14%), O. sativa-japonica (7%), O. sativa-indica Group 1 (45%), and O. sativa-indica Group 2 (25%). Severe versus mild stress in the field was associated with a reduced SPAD value (12%), biomass (56%), and grain yield (57%), with leaf bronzing explaining 30% and 21% of the variation for biomass and grain yield, respectively. Association mapping using 175 indica genotypes identified 23 significant single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers that mapped to 14 genomic regions. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) signals associated with leaf bronzing, a routinely used indicator of HIA stresses, differed in hydroponic compared with field conditions. Contrastingly, six significant SNPs on chromosomes 8 and 9 were associated with the SPAD value under HIA stress in both field and hydroponic experiments, and a candidate potassium transporter gene mapped under the peak on chromosome 8. This study helps define criteria for assessing rice performance under HIA environments.
Keywords	Abiotic stress; genetic diversity; GWAS; population structure; rice; West Africa

Title	Iron toxicity resistance strategies in tropical grasses: The role of apoplastic radicular barriers
Author Name	Advanio Inácio Siqueira-Silva, Camilla Oliveira Rios, Eduardo Gusmão Pereira
Journal Name	Journal of Environmental Sciences
Year	2019
Volume and Issue	78
Pages	257-266
Abstracts	The revegetation of mined areas poses a great challenge to the iron ore mining industry. The initial recovery process in degraded areas might rely on the use of Fe-resistant grasses. Tropical grasses, such as Paspalum densum and Echinochloa crus-galli, show different resistance strategies to iron toxicity; however, these mechanisms are poorly understood. The Fe-resistance mechanisms and direct iron toxicity as a function of root apex removal were investigated. To achieve this purpose, both grass species were grown for up to 480 hr in a nutrient solution containing 0.019 or 7 mmol/L Fe-EDTA after the root apices had been removed or maintained. Cultivation in the presence of excess iron-induced leaf bronzing and the formation of iron plaque on the root surfaces of both grass species, but was more significant on those plants whose root apex had been removed. Iron accumulation was higher in the roots, but reached phytotoxic levels in the aerial parts as well. It did not hinder the biosynthesis of chloroplastidic pigments. No significant changes in gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence occurred in either grass when their roots were kept intact; the contrary was true for plants with excised root apices. In both studied grasses, the root apoplastic barriers had an important function in the restriction of iron translocation from the root to the aerial plant parts, especially in E. crus-galli. Root apex removal negatively influenced the iron toxicity resistance mechanisms (tolerance in P. densum and avoidance in E. crus-galli).
Keywords	Paspalum densum; Echinochloa crus-galli; Apoplastic barrier; Iron toxicity

Title	Assessment of photo-modulation, nutrient-use efficiency and toxicity of iron nanoparticles in Vigna radiata
Author Name	Saheli Pradhan, Samarendra Barik & Arunava Goswami
Journal Name	Environmental Science: Nano
Year	2019
Volume and Issue	--
Pages	1-11
Abstracts	Sustainable agricultural practices are in high demand taking into account the environmental pollution and toxicity generated by commercial fertilizers. In order to address such a specific issue, herein, we propose iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) as a suitable alternative to commercially available iron-salt based fertilizers. Being a micronutrient, an excess or deficiency of iron creates toxic response within plant systems. Taking this great challenge in hand, we deliberately applied FeNPs within the mung bean plant taken as a model plant system. FeNPs showed great promise in enhancement of morphological attributes and pigment contents; meanwhile, FeNPs improved the photochemical as well as carbon assimilatory pathway. FeNPs overcome the harmful effect of commercially available iron-fertilizers; even the cellular machinery was well protected and was devoid of any kind of toxic or stress response. Biophysical analysis revealed that FeNPs modulated the activity of FeS proteins for such an overwhelming response. Meanwhile, a brief biosafety study confirmed their biocompatibility for practical applications. We envisioned the promising potential of FeNPs in sustainable agricultural practices.
Keywords	Sustainable agricultural; fertilizers; iron nanoparticles (FeNPs); micronutrient; photochemical; biosafety

Title	Iron oxide nanoparticle phytotoxicity to the aquatic plant Lemna minor: effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b ratio
Author Name	Lilian Rodrigues Rosa Souza, Luís Eduardo Bernardes, Maike Felipe Santos Barbetta & Márcia Andreia Mesquita Silva da Veiga
Journal Name	Environmental Science and Pollution Research
Year	2019
Volume and Issue	--
Pages	1-11
Abstracts	Although iron oxide occurs naturally in the environment, iron oxide nanoparticles have distinct mobility, reactivity, and toxicity, which can harm the human health and nature. This scenario has motivated the investigation of the toxic effects of iron oxide nanoparticles (akaganeite predominance + hematite) on the aquatic plant Lemna Minor. First, nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized; then, different iron oxide NP concentrations were added to Lemna Minor culture. After 7 days, all the Lemna minor leaves died, irrespective of the added NP concentration. The iron oxide NP impact on the plant was evaluated based on malondialdehyde (MDA) production from thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), which was dose-dependent; i.e., lipid peroxidation in the plant increased with rising iron oxide NP concentration. The chlorophyll content decreased at high iron oxide NP concentrations, which disrupted the light absorption mechanism. Fe accumulation in Lemna minor roots also occurred, which can harm nutrient uptake. Therefore, the iron oxide NP toxic impact on plants and related ecosystems requires further studies in order to prevent environmental damage.
Keywords	Iron oxide; nanoparticles; Lemna minor; Phytotoxicity

Title	Antioxidant efficiency and mechanisms of green tea, rosemary or mate extracts in porcine Longissimus dorsi subjected to iron-induced oxidative stress
Author Name	Zhou F, Jongberg S, Zhao M, Sun W, Skibsted LH
Journal Name	Food Chemistry
Year	2019
Volume and Issue	298
Pages	--
Abstracts	Plant extracts from rosemary (RE), green tea (GTE), and maté (ME) were compared for the protection against iron-induced oxidation in porcine homogenates at total phenolic concentrations from 25 to 250 ppm. Lipid oxidation as indicated by TBARS was in all cases sufficiently suppressed, especially for RE. Hydrophobic RE retarded overall oxidation in the homogenates with an inverted dose-dependent response. Optimum delay of oxygen consumption was found at the lowest concentration applied, similar to protection against thiols and formation of protein radicals as measured by ESR, whereas the high concentration increased oxygen consumption and caused additionally thiol loss possibly due to thiol-quinone interactions, generating protein-phenol complexes. Hydrophilic ME or GTE increased the initial oxygen consumption rate as an indication of prooxidant activities at elevated concentrations. However, they were found to protect myoglobin and protein at those high concentrations with GTE being more efficient, possibly due to better chelation effect.
Keywords	Oxidation; Myoglobin; Lipid; Myofibrillar protein; Phenolic extracts; Chelation

Title	Acquisition and Homeostasis of Iron in Higher Plants and Their Probable Role in Abiotic Stress Tolerance
Author Name	Durgesh K. Tripathi1, Shweta Singh, Shweta Gaur, Swati Singh, Vaishali Yadav, Shiliang Liu, Vijay P. Singh, Shivesh Sharma, Prateek Srivastava, Sheo M. Prasad, Nawal K. Dubey, Devendra K. Chauhan & Shivendra Sahi
Journal Name	Frontiers of Environmental Science
Year	2018
Volume and Issue	Volume 05
Pages	--
Abstracts	Iron (Fe) is a micronutrient that plays an important role in agriculture worldwide because plants require a small amount of iron for its growth and development. All major functions in a plant’s life from chlorophyll biosynthesis to energy transfer are performed by Fe (Brumbarova et al., 2008; Gill and Tuteja, 2011). Iron also acts as a major constituent of many plant proteins and enzymes. The acquisition of Fe in plants occurs through two strategies, i.e., strategy I and strategy II (Marschner and Römheld, 1994). Under various stress conditions, Nramp and the YSL gene families help in translocation of Fe, which further acts as a mineral regulatory element and defends plants against stresses. Iron plays an irreplaceable role in alleviating stress imposed by salinity, drought, and heavy metal stress. This is because it activates plant enzymatic antioxidants like catalase (CAT), peroxidase, and an isoform of superoxide dismutase (SOD) that act as a scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Hellin et al., 1995). In addition to this, their deﬁciency as well as their excess amount can disturb the homeostasis of a plant’s cell and result in declining of photosynthetic rate, respiration, and increased accumulation of Na+ and Ca− ions which culminate in an excessive formation of ROS. The short-range order hydrated Fe oxides and organic functional groups show afﬁnities for metal ions. Iron plaque bioﬁlm matrices could sequester a large amount of metals at the soil–root interface. Hence, it has attracted the attention of plant physiologists and agricultural scientists who are discovering more exciting and hidden applications of Fe and its potential in the development of bio-factories. This review looks into the recent progress made in putting forward the role of Fe in plant growth, development, and acclimation under major abiotic stresses, i.e., salinity, drought, and heavy metals.
Keywords	Trace elements; iron (Fe); abiotic stress; plants; reactive oxygen species (ROS); enzymatic antioxidants; proteins; gene families

Title	Physiological and transcriptomic analysis of responses to different levels of iron excess stress in various rice tissues
Author Name	May Sann Aung, Hiroshi Masuda, Takanori Kobayashi & Naoko K. Nishizawa
Journal Name	Soil Science and Plant Nutrition
Year	2018
Volume and Issue	64, 3
Pages	370 – 385
Abstracts	Iron (Fe) toxicity is a major nutritional disorder of plants and affects rice yield and production in rainfed and irrigated lowland rice grown in acid soils. Rice plants are reported to have exclusion and inclusion adaptation strategies for preventing damage from excess Fe. However, the molecular mechanisms behind the Fe toxicity response and the identities of the genes involved remain largely unknown. To reveal these mechanisms, we exposed rice plants to different levels of ferrous (Fe2+) excess treatment for 14 days and analyzed their growth, bronzing score, and mineral concentrations. Then, gene expression patterns in various tissues (roots, discrimination center [DC], stems, old leaves [OLs], and newest leaves [NLs]) in response to different levels of Fe excess (×1, ×10, ×20, ×50, and ×70 Fe) were examined using microarray analysis. Our results showed that the higher levels of Fe excess led to more Fe being preferentially translocated to OLs, thus avoiding Fe excess damage in the NL. We proposed three zones of Fe excess levels: the non-affected, affected, and dead zones. As an exclusion strategy, Fe uptake- and transport-related genes were suppressed in roots since in the non-affected zone. Roots are important for preventing Fe uptake to the plant body under Fe excess stress. As inclusion strategies, first, some genes highly induced in various tissues under Fe excess, such as OsNAS3, OsVIT2, and rice ferritin genes (OsFers), may be important for detoxification or isolation of excess Fe within the plant body. OsZIPs may contribute to the maintenance of zinc homeostasis. Second, the plant induces the expression of oxygen and electron transfer genes, cytochrome P450 family proteins, or some NAC-type transcription factors to avoid reactive oxygen species and abiotic stress caused by Fe excess in the affected zone. The plant may use similar Fe homeostasis mechanisms in the non-affected and affected zones in the NL and roots but employ different mechanisms in the OL, DC, and stem tissues. Our results will contribute to current screening and breeding efforts, which aim to develop Fe excess tolerance in diverse rice cultivars, thus increasing rice production in lowland fields.
Keywords	Iron toxicity; rice; microarray; stress responses; transcriptome

Title	Alleviation of iron toxicity in Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae) by humic substances
Author Name	Leonardo Barros Dobbss, Tamires Cruz dos Santos, Marco Pittarello, SávioBastos de Souza, Alessandro Coutinho Ramos&Jader Galba Busato
Journal Name	Environmental Science and Pollution Research
Year	2018
Volume and Issue	25
Pages	Pages 9416–9425
Abstracts	One of the industrial pillars of Espírito Santo state, South East of Brazil, is iron-mining products processing. This activity brings to a high level of coastal pollution due to deposition of iron particulate on fragile ecosystems as mangroves and restinga. Schinustherebinthifolius (aroeira) is a widespread restinga species. This work tested iron toxicity alleviation by vermicompost humic substances (HS) added to aroeira seedlings in hydroponic conditions. Catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase are antioxidant enzymes that work as reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers: they increase their activity as an answer to ROS concentration rise that is the consequence of metal accumulation or humic substance stimulation. S. terebinthifolius seedlings treated with HS and Fe augmented their antioxidant enzyme activities significantly less than seedlings treated separately with HS and Fe; their significantly lower Fe accumulation and the slight increase of root and leaf area confirm the biostimulating effect of HS and their role in blocking Fe excess outside the roots. The use of HS can be useful for the recovery of areas contaminated by heavy metals.
Keywords	Iron contamination ; Antioxidative enzymatic function ; Reactive oxygen species ; Catalase ; Peroxidase ; Aroeira

Title	Shoot tolerance mechanisms to iron toxicity in rice (Oryzasativa L.)
Author Name	Lin-Bo Wu, Yoshiaki Ueda, Shang-Kun Lai & Michael Frei
Journal Name	Plant, Cell and Environment
Year	2017
Volume and Issue	Volume 40
Pages	570–584
Abstracts	Iron toxicity frequently affects lowland rice and leads to oxidative stress via the Fenton reaction. Tolerance mechanisms were investigated in contrasting genotypes: the intolerant IR29 and the tolerant recombinant inbred line FL483. Seedlings were exposed to 1000 mg L-1 ferrous iron, and the regulation of genes involved in three hypothetical tolerance mechanisms was investigated (I) Iron uptake, partitioning and storage. The iron concentration and speciation in different plant tissues did not differ significantly between genotypes. Sub-cellular iron partitioning genes such as vacuolar iron transporters or ferritin showed no genotypic difference s. (II) Antioxidant biosynthesis. Only one gene involved in carotenoid biosynthesis showed genotypic differences, but carotenoids are unlikely to scavenge the reactive oxygen species (ROS) involved in Fe toxicity, i.e. H2O2 and hydroxyl radicals. (III) Enzymatic activities for ROS scavenging and antioxidants turnover. In shoots, glutathione-S-transferase and ascorbate oxidase genes showed genotypic differences, and consistently, the tolerant FL483 had lower dehydroascorbatereductase and higher ascorbate oxidase activity, suggesting that high rates ascorbate reduction confer sensitivity. This hypothesis was confirmed by application of exogenous reduced ascorbate or L-galactono-1,4-lactone, which increased lipid peroxidation under iron toxic conditions. Our results demonstrate in planta pro-oxidant activity of reduced ascorbate in the presence of iron.
Keywords	antioxidant; ascorbic acid; Fenton reaction; iron toxicity; microarray; pro‐oxidant; rice

Title	Role of Iron in Alleviating Heavy Metal Stress
Author Name	Zaid ul Hassan, Shafaqat Ali, Muhammad Rizwan, Qasim Ali, Muhammad Zulqarnain Haider, Muhammad Adrees & Afzal Hussain
Journal Name	Essential Plant Nutrients
Year	2017
Volume and Issue	Volume-54 Issue-4
Pages	356-366
Abstracts	Heavy metals naturally present in soils usually result from human activities such as agricultural practices, mining, automobile, sewage processing, and metal industries. Higher concentrations of these metals in surrounding environment showed toxic effects on plants and animals. Heavy metals entered in soil-plant environment through various anthropogenic activities are taken up and accumulated in various plant parts. Higher concentrations of these metals showed toxic symptoms in plants. Heavy metals at higher dosage negatively affect plants physiological, morphological, and biochemical traits. On the other hand, plants used different strategies to cope with damaging effects induced by metal toxicity. There are some metals such as macro and micro nutrients, which are essentially required by plants for their growth and development processes. Micronutrient such as iron plays a key role in minimizing toxic effects of heavy metals and limits their entry in food chain. It has been thoroughly documented by many researchers that Fe has potential to alleviate metal toxicity by limiting metals uptake in different plants. Reports suggested that Fe improves plant physiological, morphological, and biochemical parameters by neutralizing metals toxicity. However, Fe deficiency resulted in malnutrition that affects human population worldwide. Various strategies have been used to enhance food quality, improve Fe uptake from soil and increased Fe shortage through a process known as biofortification. Fe uptake can be enhanced by overexpressing genes. Micronutrients level in plants could also be enhanced through agricultural practices, plant breeding, and biotechnology techniques.
Keywords	Heavy metals; Fe; Anthropogenic activities; Physiological; Morphological; Biochemical; Micronutrient; Biofortication

Title	Responses of rice to chronic and acute iron toxicity: genotypic differences and biofortification aspects
Author Name	Michael Frei, Richmond Narh Tetteh, Ando Lalaina Razafindrazaka, Michael Apolonius Fuh, Lin-Bo Wu & Mathias Becker
Journal Name	Plant Soil
Year	2016
Volume and Issue	408, 1–2
Pages	149–161
Abstracts	Iron (Fe) toxicity is a wide spread stress in low land rice production. The aim of this study was to differentiate between responses to acute Fe stress during the vegetative stage and chronic Fe stress throughout the growing period. Methods Six rice genotypes were tested in a semi artificial greenhouse setup, in which acute (almost 1500 mg L−1 Fe in soil solution during the vegetative stage) and chronic (200to300mgL−1 Fe throughout the season) Fe toxicity were simulated. Results Acute Fe stress induced early development of heavy leaf bronzing, whereas moderate symptoms occurred in the chronic treatment throughout the season. Grain yields were only reduced in the chronic stress treatment (−23 %) due to reductions in spikelet fertility, grain number and grain weight. Symptom formation during the early growth stages did not reflect yield responses in all genotypes. Only one genotype showed increases in grain Fe concentrations (24 % in the acute stress and 44 % in the chronic stress) compared to the control. Conclusions contrasting genotypes responded differently to acute and chronic Fe toxicity, and one genotype showed consistent tolerance and the ability to translocate excess Fe into grains. These traits can be useful in the adaptive breeding of rice for Fe toxic environments.
Keywords	Breeding; Cereals; Food security; Iron deficiency anemia; Metal homeostasis; Flooded soils

Title	Mapping Seed Phytic Acid Concentration and Iron Bioavailability in a Pea Recombinant Inbred Line Population
Author Name	A. S. K. Shunmugam, X. Liu, R. Stonehouse, B. Tar’an, K. E. Betta,A. G. Sharpeb and T.D. Warkentin
Journal Name	Alliance of crop, soil and environmental science societies
Year	2015
Volume and Issue	Volume 55, Issue 2
Pages	828-836
Abstracts	Phytate, the storage form of P in seeds, is not well digested by monogastrics, thereby contributing to micronutrient deficiency, decreased feed efficiency, and environmental pollution. This research was aimed at developing a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) based genetic linkage map and mapping genomic regions associated with phytic acid- phosphorus (PA-P) concentration using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population (PR-15) derived from a cross between a low phytate (low phytic acid [lpa]) mutant pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotype, 1-2347-144, and a normal phytate cultivar CDC Meadow. A total of 163 RILs were genotyped using a 1536-SNP Illumina GoldenGate array. Three hundred and sixty-seven polymorphic SNP markers ordered into seven linkage groups (LGs) were used to generate a linkage map with a total length of 437.2 cM. PR-15 lines were grown in replicated field trails in Saskatoon and Rosthern, SK, in 2012 and 2013. Chi-square statistics confirmed the single gene inheritance of PA-P concentration in these RILs. Phytic acid-phosphorus (PA-P) phenotype was mapped to LG5. Iron bioavailability (FEBIO) of PR-15 lines estimated using the Caco-2 cell culture bioassay was negatively correlated with PA-P concentration. A quantitative trait locus (QTL) for FEBIO was mapped on to the same location on LG5 as phytic acid concentration. The QTL with a maximum LOD score of 15.1 explained 60.5% of the phenotypic variation in FEBIO. The markers flanking this QTL region can be employed in marker-assisted selection to select pea lines with low phytate and greater Fe bioavailability.
Keywords	Seeds; micronutrient; environmental pollution; acid-phosphorus

Title	Assessment of Iron Bioavailability and Iron Biofortification of Staple Food Crops: Guiding the Breeding Approach with in vitro and in vivo Screening Tools
Author Name	Raymond Glahn and Elad Tako
Journal Name	European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety
Year	2015
Volume and Issue	Volume-5, Issue-5
Pages	477-478
Abstracts	The objective of this presentation will be to demonstrate how the combination of invitro screening and an animal model can be extremely useful to develop and monitor Fe-biofortified crops, and evaluate meal plans in advance of human studies to determine if the crop is adequately biofortified with Fe prior to expensive human testing. Methods: In recent years much has been learned about how to properly screen varieties of staple food crops to improve the Fe content and bioavailability. Research has shown that simply measuring Fe content and levels of known inhibitors such as phytic acid and total polyphenols is not adequate to guide crop breeding efforts, as it leads to misdirection because of inability to assess all of the genetic, environmental, and environment by genotype interactions that play a role in Fe bioavailability from staple foods. Moreover, once Fe-biofortified crops are developed and released, there needs to be cost effective methodology in place to monitor and maintain the nutritional quality of successive harvests. Results: This presentation reports on a decade of applications of a high throughput bioassay (in vitro digestion/Caco-2 model) and a poultry feeding model that have been developed and applied to a variety of staple food crops (eg. beans, lentils, maize, sorghum and pearl millet). Recent comparisons to human efficacy trials involving black beans, pearl millet and red mottled beans.
Keywords	biofortified crops; bioavailability; staple foods

Title	Pre-Roman Iron Age settlement continuity and cereal cultivation in coastal Finland as shown by multiproxy evidence at Bäljars 2 site in SW Finland
Author Name	Santeri Vanhanen, Satu Koivisto
Journal Name	Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
Year	2015
Volume and Issue	01
Pages	38–52
Abstracts	Pre-Roman Iron Age (ca. 500–1 BC) occupation was revealed at the site of Bäljars 2 in SW Finland. Archaeobotany, charcoal analysis, and geochemistry were applied to the samples gathered at the site. The results suggest habitation, storage, agriculture, fire- keeping, and plant gathering at the site during the Pre-Roman Iron Age. By that time, the Lepinjärvi basin was surrounded by rich local flora and served as an excellent node of communication with both overseas regions and the interior of Finland. Eight new sites were discovered around the lake, thus disproving the previously suggested hiatus of habitation around the lake. The light soils were suitable for early cultivation methods. The results point towards cultivation of ard-ploughed, fire-managed, and manured fields, where summer-annual barley, speltoid wheats, and possibly oat were grown. Other contemporary sites in Finland reveal that barley was the most importantcereal during the first millennium BC.
Keywords	Pre-Roman Iron Age; Coastal Finland, Settlement archaeology; Cereal cultivation; Geochemistry; Archaeobotany; Charcoal analysis

Title : Cadmium
Subject : Cadmium
Printed Year : 2023

Description :

Title	Neutral-to-positive cadmium effects on germination and seedling vigor, with and without seed priming
Author Name	Marcia E.A. Carvalho, Evgenios Agathokleous, Marina L. Nogueira, Gustavo Brunetto, Patrick H. Brown, Ricardo A. Azevedo
Journal Name	Journal of Hazardous Materials
Year	2023
Volume and Issue	448
Pages	130813
Abstracts	This review gathered and analyzed data about (i) the Cd-induced impacts on seed germination and seedling vigor, and (ii) the use of different priming agents to mitigate Cd-induced impacts on the early plant development. Critical evaluation of the obtained data revealed intriguing results. First, seeds of diverse species can endure exposures to Cd. Such endurance is exhibited as maintenance of or even improvement in the seed germination and vigor (up to 15% and 70%, respectively). Second, the main factors influencing seed tolerance to Cd toxicity are related to temporal variations in anatomical, physiological, and/or biochemical features. Third, Cd can trigger diverse transgenerational effects on plants by shaping seed endophytes, by modulating seed provisioning with resources and regulatory elements, and/or by altering seed (epi)genomics. Fourth, different chemical, biological and physical priming agents can mitigate Cd-induced impacts on seeds, sometimes enhancing their performance over the control (reference) values. Overall, this review shows that the impacts of Cd on seed germination and vigor encompass not only negative outcomes but also neutral and positive ones, depending upon the Cd dose, media properties, plant species and genotypes, plant developmental stage and organ, and management approaches. Increasing our understanding of plant tolerance mechanisms against the growing background Cd pollution is relevant to support breeding programs, agricultural practices, and health-environmental policies.
Keywords	Cd; Early plant development; Heavy metal; Hormesis; Seed priming; Trace elements

Title	Bioremediation of cadmium-contaminated paddy soil using an autotrophic and heterotrophic mixture
Author Name	Menglong Xu, Yazi Liu, Yan Deng, Siyuan Zhang, Xiaodong Hao, Ping Zhu, Jieyi Zhou, Huaqun Yin, Yili Liang, Hongwei Liu, Xueduan Liu, Lianyang Bai, Luhua Jiang and Huidan Jiang
Journal Name	RSC Advances
Year	2020
Volume and Issue	10(44)
Pages	26090-26101
Abstracts	Cadmium (Cd) pollution poses a serious risk to human health and ecological security. Bioremediation can be a promising and effective remediation technology for treating Cd contaminated soils. In this study, seven heterotrophic strains were isolated from Cd contaminated soil and 7 autotrophic strains were isolated from acid mine drainage. Cd removal efficiencies were compared after leaching with autotrophic bacteria (Attsys), heterotrophic isolates (Htt-sys) and cooperative leaching systems (Cosys) in laboratory agitating reactors. The results i dicated that Cd removal efficiency of Co-sys (32.09%) was significantly higher than that of Att-sys (23.24%) and Htt-sys (0.74%). By analyzing the soil microbial community in different bioleaching systems, we found tha the addition of heterotrophic isolates significantly promoted the growth of some heavy metal resistant inhabitants (Massilia, Alicyclobacillus, Micromonospora, etc.), and Co-sys had a minor effect on the growth of soil indigenous microbes. In Co-sys, the content of the four Cd fractions all decreased compared with other leaching systems. The analysis of soil physicochemical parameters during the leaching process showed that pH and ORP (oxidation reduction potential) were not the only determinants for Cd removal efficiency in Co-sys, synergistic metabolic activities of autotrophic and heterotrophic strains may be other determinants. This study demonstrated that cooperative bioremediation may prove to be a safe and efficient technique for field application in heavy metal soil pollution.
Keywords	Cadmium; Heterotrophic strains; autotrophic strains; oxidation reduction potential; bioremediation

Title	Toxicity of cadmium and its competition with mineral nutrients for uptake by plants: A review
Author Name	Shiyu Qin, Hongen Liu, Zhaojun Nie, Zedren Gel, Wei Gao, Chang Li, Peng Zhao
Journal Name	Pedosphere
Year	2020
Volume and Issue	30(2)
Pages	168-180
Abstracts	Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal occurring in the environment naturally and is also generated through various anthropogenic sources and acts as a pollutant. Human health is affected by Cd pollution in farmland soils because food is the main source of Cd intake in the non-smoking population. For crops, Cd toxicity may result from a disturbance in uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients and disturbance in plant metabolism, inhibiting plant growth and development. However, plants have Cd tolerance mechanisms, including restricted Cd uptake, decreased Cd root-to-shoot translocation, enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities, and increased production of phytochelatins. Furthermore, optimal supply of mineral nutrients is one of the strategies to alleviate the damaging effects of Cd on plants and to avoid its entry into the food chain. The emerging molecular knowledge contributes to understanding Cd uptake, translocation, and remobilization in plants. In this review, Cd toxicity and tolerance mechanisms, agricultural practices to minimize Cd accumulation, Cd competition with essential elements (calcium, copper, iron, zinc, and manganese), and genes associated with Cd uptake are discussed in detail, especially regarding how these mineral nutrients and genes play a role in decreasing Cd uptake and accumulation in crop plants.
Keywords	Antagonistic interaction; Gene regulation; Heavy Metal; Mitigation measures; Tolerance; Toxicity; Uptake and Transport

Title	Remediation of Cadmium-Polluted Soil Using Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria and Natural Zeolite
Author Name	V. P. Shabayev, E. A. Bocharnikova & V. E. Ostroumov
Journal Name	Eurasian Soil Science
Year	2020
Volume and Issue	53
Pages	809–819
Abstracts	The impact of two strains of Pseudomonas bacteria and natural zeolite on the growth and elemental composition of barley plants was studied in an agrogray soil (Luvisol) artificially contaminated with cadmium in pot experiments. Application of P. fluorescens 21, or P. putida 23, or zeolite eliminated the heavy metal toxicity for plants. The cumulative effect of co-application of P. fluorescens 21 and zeolite was insignificant. The bacteria- or zeolite-mediated plant tolerance to cadmium was attributed to the enhanced root system development, decreased cadmium translocation into the roots, and improved mineral nutrition of the plants. Elevated nutrient uptake by the plants under the influence of bacteria and zeolite was the result of plant growth stimulation without significant changes in the concentrations of macronutrients N, P, K, Ca, and Mg, as well as Fe and micronutrients Zn, Mn, and Cu in plant tissues, including grain. Application of P. fluorescens 21 enhanced the Cd fixation in the soil organic matter in the first half of the growing season, which could be due to the metal sequestration by bacterial siderophores. Thus, application of the bacteria and natural zeolite can be recommended in the strategies for Cd-polluted soil remediation based on environment-friendly technologies.
Keywords	Cadmium Stress; Barley; Pseudomonas Bacteria; Silicon-Rich Mineral

Title	Responses of nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide in regulating oxidative defence system in wheat plants grown under cadmium stress
Author Name	Cengiz Kaya, Muhammad Ashraf, Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni and Parvaiz Ahmad
Journal Name	Physiologia Plantarum
Year	2020
Volume and Issue	168
Pages	345-360
Abstracts	We conducted a study to evaluate the interactive effect of NO and H₂S on the cadmium (Cd) tolerance of wheat. Cadmium stress considerably reduced total dry weight, chlorophyll a and b content and ratio of Fv/Fm by 36.7, 48.6, 26.7 and 19.5%, respectively, but significantly enhanced the levels of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malondialdehyde (MDA), endogenous H₂S and NO, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Exogenously applied sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), donors of NO and H₂S, respectively, enhanced total plant dry matter by 47.8 and 39.1%, chlorophyll a by 92.3 and 61.5%, chlorophyll b content by 29.1 and 27.2%, Fv/Fm ratio by 19.7 and 15.2%, respectively, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, but lowered oxidative stress and proline content in Cd-stressed wheat plants. NaHS and SNP also considerably limited both the uptake and translocation of Cd, thereby improving the levels of some key mineral nutrients in the plants. Enhanced levels of NO and H₂S induced by NaHS were reversed by hypotuarine application, but they were substantially reduced almost to 50% by cPTIO (a NO scavenger) application. Hypotuarine was not effective, but cPTIO was highly effective in reducing the levels of NO and H₂S produced by SNP in the roots of Cdstressed plants. The results showed that interactive effect of NO and H₂S can considerably improve plant resistance against Cd toxicity by reducing oxidative stress and uptake of Cd in plants as well as by enhancing antioxidative defence system and uptake of some essential mineral nutrients.
Keywords	Hydrogen Peroxide; Malondialdehyde; Sodium Nitroprusside; Sodium Hydrosulfide; Chlorophyll; Oxidative Stress

Title	Mechanisms of Cadmium Accumulation in Plants
Author Name	Thibault Sterckeman & Sébastien Thomine
Journal Name	Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences
Year	2020
Volume and Issue	39(4)
Pages	322-359
Abstracts	Cadmium is a non-essential trace metal, which is highly toxic to nearly all living organisms. Soil pollution causes Cd contamination of crops, thereby rendering plant products responsible for the chronic low level Cd over-exposure of numerous populations in the world. For this reason, Cd accumulation in plants has been studied for about five decades now. The research first focused on the relationships between plant and soil Cd levels, on the factors of the metal availability in soil, as well as the root uptake processes. Cd distribution in plant organs was also investigated, first using a macroscopic and eco-physiological approach, and then with the help of molecular biology tools, at both tissue and cell scales. Cadmium has no biological function and hijacks the transport pathways of micronutrients such as Fe, Mn, or Zn, in order to enter the plant through the roots and be distributed to all its organs. The study of the genes that control the influx and efflux of the Cd²⁺ ion in the cytosol, vacuoles, and vascular tissues has significantly contributed to the understanding of the metal root uptake and of its transfer to the aerial parts. However, the mechanisms responsible for its distribution to the different above-ground tissues and specially to fruits and seeds have yet to be clarified. This review summarizes current knowledge in order to present a detailed overview of Cd transport and storage, from the rhizosphere to the different organs and tissues of the plant.
Keywords	Cell wall; chelation; inter-element competition; ion transporter; iron; manganese; nitrogen; organic acid; phloem; phytochelatin; silicon; speciation; vacuolar sequestration; xylem sap; zinc

Title	Potential use of king grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.× Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.) for phytoextraction of cadmium from fields
Author Name	Zhiqiang Zhou, Yangyang Guo, Li Hu, Lan He, Bo Xu, Zhenrui Huang, Guo Wang & Yanhui Chen
Journal Name	Environmental Science and Pollution Research
Year	2020
Volume and Issue	27
Pages	35249–35260
Abstracts	Using king grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. × Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.) for phytoextraction is a promising technology for producing large amounts of biomass fuel while remediating contaminated soil. To assess the practical phytoextraction capacity of king grass, we conducted a field experiment with three different soil types (loam, sandy loam, clay loam) and cadmium (Cd) concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 mg kg⁻¹, aged stably for 6 years). King grass were harvested at two different periods (elongation and maturity) to identify the optimal harvest time for extraction efficiency. The results showed that all treatments had bioconcentration factor (BCF) > 1 and translocation factor (TF) <1; Cd is mainly stored in the roots. However, due to a high shoot biomass, the highest quantity of Cd extracted from shoots was 2.75 mg plant⁻¹, from the experimental group with 16 mg kg⁻¹ Cd added in sandy loam. A significant positive relationship (P<0.05) was observed between the amount of Cd extracted from king grass stems, leaves, and roots from soil with the diethylene triamine pentacetate acid (DTPA) extractable Cd concentration. The Cd concentration in shoots at the maturity stage is lower than at the elongation stage, mainly due to the effect of biological dilution. Meanwhile, there is significantly more biomass (P<0.05) at the maturity stage than at the elongation stage. At the latter, the extraction efficiency of the three soils was loam > sandy loam > clay loam, while at maturity it was sandy loam > clay loam > loam. This change in extraction efficiency can be attributed mainly to differences in soil DTPA-extractable Cd concentration and growth rate caused by differences in soil physical and chemical properties. According to calculations from multiple harvests using three types of soil, remediating contaminated soil with 0–16 mg kg⁻¹ Cd would take 13.9–224.5 and 19.5–250.6 years, extracting 7.21–265.23 and 4.96–330.52 g ha⁻¹ Cd while producing 33.62–66.50 and 73.8–110.5 t ha⁻¹ dry biomass at the elongation (90 days) and maturity (120 days) stages, respectively. In summary, king grass has major potential for remediating Cdcontaminated soil while producing large volumes of biofuel.
Keywords	Cadmium; Growth period; Phytoextraction; Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. × Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.; Soil type

Title	Effects of intercropping accumulator plants and applying their straw on the growth and cadmium accumulation of Brassica chinensis L.
Author Name	Yi Tang, Liming Wang, Yongdong Xie, Xuena Yu, LiJin Lin, Huanxiu Li, Ming’an Liao, Zhihui Wang, Guochao Sun, Dong Liang, Hui Xia, Xun Wang & Lihua Tu
Journal Name	Environmental Science and Pollution Research
Year	2020
Volume and Issue	27
Pages	39094–39104
Abstracts	Two pot experiments were conducted to study the effects of intercropping cadmium (Cd) accumulator plants (Stellaria media (L.) Villars, Cardamine hirsuta, Cerastium glomeratum Thuill, and Galium aparine L.) and applying their straw on the growth and Cd accumulation of Brassica chinensis L. Intercropping with four accumulator plants reduced the biomass, water content, and photosynthetic pigment content of B. chinensis compared with monoculture. Intercropping with accumulator plants increased the Cd content in the roots and shoot of B. chinensis, and the translocation factor (TF), root bioconcentration factor (root BCF), and shoot bioconcentration factor (Shoot BCF) increased. The soil pH decreased and the soil available Cd content increased by intercropping. Thus, intercropping with four accumulator plants can promote the Cd uptake of B. chinensis. The straw of four accumulator plants reduced the biomass, water content, and photosynthetic pigment content of B. chinensis compared with the control. The straw of S. media and C. hirsute increased the Cd content in the roots and shoots of B. chinensis, TF, root BCF, and shoot BCF. The straw of C. glomeratum and G. aparine decreased the Cd content in the roots and shoots of B. chinensis, TF, root BCF, and shoot BCF. The soil pH increased and the soil available Cd content decreased by application of straw. Thus, the straw of C. glomeratum and G. aparine can reduce the Cd uptake of B. chinensis.
Keywords	Accumulator plants; Intercropping; Straw; Brassica chinensis L; Cadmium

Title	Cadmium Stress and Toxicity in Plants: An Overview
Author Name	Bala Murugan Shanmugaraj, AshwiniMalla & Sathishkumar Ramalingam
Journal Name	Cadmium Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants (From Physiology to Remediation)
Year	2019
Volume and Issue	1
Pages	1-17
Abstracts	Heavy metal pollution has long been a major environmental problem, and threatens all living forms globally. Cadmium (Cd) is one of the nonessential, highly toxic environmental pollutants worldwide that causes deleterious effects and serious problems in agriculture. Plants growing in Cd-contaminated soil uptakenthe heavy metal through their roots, which accumulates in different organs, eventually reducing plant growth and productivity. Bioaccumulation of high concentrations of Cd in plants enters the food chain and affects both animals and humans. In plants, several metabolic processes are associated with Cd toxicity and its tolerance. This chapter summarizes the effects of Cd toxicity in plant growth and other related physiological and metabolic processes, including an overview of phytoremediation technologies to clean up Cd contamination in the environment.
Keywords	Abiotic stress; Accumulation; Cadmium; Heavy metals; Phytoremediation; Toxicity

Title	Characteristics of cadmium accumulation and isotope fractionation in higher plants
Author Name	Rongfei Wei, Qingjun Guo, Liyan Tian, Jing Kong, Yang Baia,Chukwunonso Peter Okoli & Liyuan Wang
Journal Name	Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
Year	2019
Volume and Issue	Volume 174
Pages	1-11
Abstracts	Cadmium (Cd) pollution of the soil is an important global environmental issueowing to its great toxicity. The study of metal isotope fractionation is a novel technique that could be used to identify and quantify metal uptake and transport mechanisms in plant. In this study, cadmium tolerant Ricinus communis and hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum have been cultured in different Cd concentration nutrient solutions. The Cd isotope values, metal elements concentrations in the organs (root, stem and leaf) in the two plant species have been measured during the growth periods (10d, 15d, 20d, 25d, and 30d). The results indicate that the organs of S. nigrum could be enriched with lighter Cd isotopes compared with R. communis. In addition, the Cd isotope fractionation become smaller when the plants were subjected to high Cd toxicity, which indicates that Cd isotope fractionation reflected the extent of Cd toxicity to plants. This study advances our current view of Cd translocation machination in plants.
Keywords	Cd; Isotope fractionation; Ricinus communis; Solanum nigrum; Plants

Title	Phytoremediation of cadmium-polluted soils with Ipomoea asarifolia (Desr.) Roem. & Schult
Author Name	S Shehu, R.S.U. Wasagu, S.A. Anka, J.C. Okoro & Y Saidu
Journal Name	Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management
Year	2019
Volume and Issue	23,2
Pages	253 - 259
Abstracts	Phytoremediation is an alternative method for restoring soils polluted with heavy metals which is cost-effective and environment-friendly. The present study evaluated the potential of Ipomoea asarifolia to remediate soils experimentally-amended with Cadmium. The plant was grown on soils amended with 0, 1500, 2000, and 2500 mg CdCl2 salt. The salt was mixed with small portions of the soils and made upto 3kg salt/soil mixtures each. These were applied into 4 separate polythene-pots labelled; A, B, C and D respectively. Sample A containing 3kg non-amended soil (without Cd) served as the control. The concentrations of Cd applied to the soils were therefore; 0, 306.61, 408.82 and 511.02mg/kg soils in the samples A-D respectively. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) was used to analyse the bioaccumulation of Cd in the plant’s parts, over three harvesting phases of the study period. The results revealed that I. asarifolia is a good phytoaccumulator as it accumulated a total biomass of 0.23 ± 0.63, 272.85 ± 1.99, 377.40 ±0.63 and 459.48 ± 0.60 mg/kg Cd from the amended soils A-D respectively. The Transportation Indices; RTI and STI for translocation of Cd to the plant’s stems and leaves were both greater than 1 (TI >1), indicating that the plant has a phytoextraction potential for Cadmium. These results therefore, suggest that I. asarifolia could be effective in phytoremediation of Cadmium-polluted environments.
Keywords	Heavy metals; cadmium; pollution; phytoremediation; Ipomoea asarifolia

Title	Biochar facilitated the phytoremediation of cadmium contaminated sediments: Metal behavior, plant toxicity, and microbial activity
Author Name	Xiaomin Gong, Danlian Huang, Yunguo Liu, Guangming Zeng, Sha Chen, Rongzhong Wang, Piao Xu, Min Cheng, Chen Zhang & Wenjing Xue
Journal Name	Science of The Total Environment
Year	2018
Volume and Issue	Volume 666
Pages	1126-1133
Abstracts	Cadmium (Cd) contamination in river sediments becomes increasingly serious, and phytoremediation has been used to remediate Cd contaminated sediments, but the remediation efficiency needs to be improved. In this study, tea waste derived biochar (TB) was used to facilitate the phytoremediation of Cd contaminated sediments. Results showed that TB at 100, 500 and 1000 mg kg⁻¹ increased Cd accumulation and translocation in ramie seedlings by changing Cd speciation in sediments and altering the subcellular distribution of Cd in plant cells. TB at low contents alleviated Cd induced toxicity in ramie seedlings by promoting plant growth and mitigating the oxidative stress. In addition, the activities of urease-, phosphatase-, and catalaseproducing microbes in the Cd contaminated sediments were promoted by the application of TB. These findings demonstrated that biochar at low concentrations could improve the phytoremediation efficiency and mitigating Cdinduced toxicity to plants and microbes in Cd contaminated sediments. This study herein provides a novel technological application of waste biomass in controlling and mitigating risks of heavy metals.
Keywords	Phytoremediation; Cadmium; Plants; Microbes; Sediments

Title	Sulfide alleviates cadmium toxicity in Arabidopsis plants by altering the chemical form and the subcellular distribution of cadmium
Author Name	Mei Yan, Guan, Hai Hua Zhang, Wei Pan, Chong Wei Jin, Xian Yong Lin
Journal Name	Science of The Total Environment
Year	2018
Volume and Issue	Volume 627
Pages	663-670
Abstracts	Several sulfur compounds are thought to play important roles in the plant tolerance to cadmium (Cd), but the role of inorganic sulfide in Cd tolerance remains largely unknown. In this study, we found that Cd exposure increased the accumulation of soluble sulfide in Arabidopsis plants. When exogenous sulfide, in the form of NaHS, was foliarly applied, Cd-induced growth inhibition and oxidative stress were alleviated. In addition, although the foliar application of sulfide did not affect the total Cd levels, it significantly decreased the soluble Cd fractions in plants. Furthermore, foliar applications of sulfide decreased Cd distribution in the cytoplasm and organelles, but increased Cd retention in the cell wall, which is a less sensitive compartment. These results suggest that the Cd-induced accumulation of soluble sulfide alleviates Cd toxicity in plants by inactivating Cd and sequestering it into the cell wall.
Keywords	Arabidopsis thaliana; Cadmium; Sulfide; Cadmium tolerance

Title	Selenium mitigates cadmium-induced oxidative stress in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants by modulating chlorophyll fluorescence, osmolyte accumulation, and antioxidant system.
Author Name	Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni, Mohammad Abass Ahanger, Leonard Wijaya, Pravej Alam, Renu Bhardwaj, Parvaiz Ahmad
Journal Name	Protoplasma
Year	2017
Volume and Issue
Pages	1-11
Abstracts	Pot experiments were conducted to investigate the role of selenium in alleviating cadmium stress in Solanum lycopersicum seedlings. Cadmium (150 mg L^-1) treatment caused a significant reduction in growth in terms of height and biomass accumulation and affected chlorophyll pigments, gas exchange parameters, and chlorophyll fluorescence. Selenium (10 µM) application mitigated the adverse effects of cadmium on growth, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, leaf relative water content, and other physiological attributes. Lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage increased because of cadmium treatment and selenium-treated plants exhibited considerable reduction because of the decreased production of hydrogen peroxide in them. Cadmium-treated plants exhibited enhanced activity of antioxidant enzymes that protected cellular structures by neutralizing reactive free radicals. Supplementation of selenium to cadmium-treated plants (Cd+ Se) further enhanced the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR) by 19.69, 31.68, 33.14, and 54.47%, respectively. Osmolytes, including proline and glycine betaine, increased with selenium application, illustrating their role in improving the osmotic stability of S.lycopersicum under cadmium stress. More importantly, selenium application significantly reduced cadmium uptake. From these results, it is clear that application of selenium alleviates the negative effects of cadmium stress in S.lycopersicum through the modifications of osmolytes and antioxidant enzymes.
Keywords	Solanum lycopersicum; Cadmium; Growth; Chlorophyll fluorescence; Proline; Lipid peroxidation; Antioxidants; Selenium

Title	Uptake, sequestration and tolerance of Cadmium at cellular levels in the hyperaccumulator plant species Sedum alfredii
Author Name	Shengke Tian Ruohan Xie Haixin Wang Yan Hu Dandi Hou Xingcheng LiaoPatrick H. Brown Hongxia Yang Xianyong Lin John M. Labavitch
Journal Name	Journal of Experimental Botany
Year	2017
Volume and Issue	68 Issue 9
Pages	2387-2398
Abstracts	Sedum alfredii is one of a few plant species known to hyperaccumulate cadmium (Cd). Uptake, localization, and tolerance of Cd at cellular levels in shoots were compared in hyperaccumulating (HE) and nonhyperaccumulating (NHE) ecotypes of Sedum alfredii. X-ray fluorescence images of Cd in stems and leaves showed only a slight Cd signal restricted within vascular bundles in the NHEs, while enhanced localization of Cd, with significant tissue- and age-dependent variations, was detected in HEs. In contrast to the vascular-enriched Cd in young stems, parenchyma cells in leaf mesophyll, stem pith and cortex tissues served as terminal storage sites for Cd sequestration in HEs. Kinetics of Cd transport into individual leaf protoplasts of the two ecotypes showed little difference in Cd accumulation. However, far more efficient storage of Cd in vacuoles was apparent in HEs. Subsequent analysis of cell viability and hydrogen peroxide levels suggested that HE protoplasts exhibited higher resistance to Cd than those of NHE protoplasts. These results suggest that efficient sequestration into vacuoles, as opposed to rapid transport into parenchyma cells, is a pivotal process in Cd accumulation and homeostasis in shoots of HE S. alfredii. This is in addition to its efficient root-to-shoot translocation of Cd.
Keywords	Cadmium; Fluorescence microscopy; localized; micro X-ray fluorescence; protoplasts; tolerance; Vacuole

Title	Salicylic acid-induced protection against cadmium toxicity in wheat plants
Author Name	F.M.Shakirova, Ch.R.Allagulova, D.R.Maslennikova, E.O.Klyuchnikova, A.M.Avalbaev, M.V.Bezrukova
Journal Name	Environmental and Experimental Botany
Year	2016
Volume and Issue	Volume 122
Pages	19-28
Abstracts	We have studied the influence of pretreatment of wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L.) with 50 μM salicylic acid (SA) on plant resistance to subsequent action of 1 mM cadmium acetate. SA pretreatment decreased the extent of detrimental effect of cadmium on wheat plants, as judged by the decline in the level of stress-induced accumulation of MDA and electrolyte leakage. Furthermore, SA-pretreatment contributed to maintenance of growth characteristics of wheat seedlings at the level close to the control under stress conditions and to acceleration of growth recovery during post-stress period. Detected defense effect of SA may be due to a decline in the amplitude of cadmium-induced accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) and to reduced fall of indoleacetic acid (IAA) and cytokinins (CK) in stressed plants. In the course of one day treatment, SA activated phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), the key enzyme of lignin biosynthesis, in roots of seedlings under normal growth conditions contributing to the strengthening of carrier functions of cell walls. This assumption is supported by the data showing significant decline in cadmium accumulation in SA-pretreated Detected defense effect of SA may be due to a decline in the amplitude of cadmium-induced accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) and to reduced fall of indoleacetic acid (IAA) and cytokinins (CK) in stressed plants. In the course of one day treatment, SA activated phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), the key enzyme of lignin biosynthesis, in roots of seedlings under normal growth conditions contributing to the strengthening of carrier functions of cell walls. This assumption is supported by the data showing significant decline in cadmium accumulation in SA-pretreated
Keywords	Abscisic acid; Cadmium stress; Dehydrins; Hormonal balance; Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; Lignin deposition; Plant growth; Salicylic acid Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Title	Modulation and significance of nitrogen and sulfur metabolism in cadmium challenged plants
Author Name	M. Iqbal R. Khan, Noushina Iqbal, Asim Masood, Mohammad Mobin, Naser A. Anjum
Journal Name	Plant Growth Regulation
Year	2016
Volume and Issue	78, Issue1
Pages	1–11
Abstracts	As a result of rapidly increasing anthropogenic activities, input of varied metal (loids) such as cadmium (Cd) to worldwide agricultural soils and its subsequent accumulation, and obvious toxicity in plants are increasing. The role of mineral nutrients in the mitigation of Cd-accrued consequences in plants has been credibly suggested. In isolated studies, two essential mineral nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) have been reported to minimize Cdimpacts in plants, and improve overall plant growth, metabolism and productivity under Cd-exposure. However, the information on the significance of N and S metabolism, and also on cross-talks on the coordination therein in Cd-challenged plants is lacking. Given the highlighted lacunae, in the light of recent research outcomes, the present review attempts to: (a) overview Cd in soil, and its major toxicity and mitigation avenues in plants, (b) appraise Cd-mediated modulation of N and S metabolism, (c) summarize the role of exogenouslysourced N and S for the mitigation of Cd toxicity, (d) critically discuss the significance of coordination between N and S metabolism for Cd-impactmitigation, and finally to (e) highlight the major aspects to explore in the current context. The literature appraised herein suggests that a fine coordination among major pathways of N and S assimilation can enhance defense metabolites and enzymes that in turn can strengthen overall defense system, and efficiently mitigate Cd-impacts in plants. However, efforts are required to get more insights into the mechanism(s) of (co)regulation of sulfate and nitrate assimilation at the molecular level. Additionally, molecular approaches should be narrowed to enhance the production of thiols, and their products in plants through manipulating major enzymes involved in sulfate and nitrate assimilation in plants under Cd-challenged environment.
Keywords	Cadmium-phytotoxicity; Nitrogen metabolism; Sulfur metabolism; Plant-cadmium tolerance

Title	Effects of Exogenous Spermidine on Cell Wall Composition and Carbohydrate Metabolism of Marsilea Plants under Cadmium Stress
Author Name	Kingsuk Das, Chiranjib Mandal, Nirmalya Ghosh, Sidhartha Banerjee, Narottam Dey and Malay Kumar Adak
Journal Name	J Plant Physiol Pathol
Year	2014
Volume and Issue	2 Issue 3
Pages
Abstracts	In an experiment to detect the cellular changes of carbohydrate content and its related enzymatic activities, a study was undertaken with Marsilea minuta L., an aquatic fern species in simulated condition of cadmium (Cd) toxicity. From the varying doses of Cd (0, 50, 100 and 200 μM) and supplemented with spermidine (2mM), it revealed that plants were suffered from accumulation of total carbohydrate in a dose-dependent manner under Cd stress. Maximum depletion of carbohydrate content was 58% with respect to control which was retrieved by 1.42 fold with spermidine application. In a similar manner, plants were also affected with starch, total reducing sugar content by 42% and 63.04% respectively over the control. The fall in both starch and total reducing sugar were retrieved by plants by 1.32 fold and 1.52 fold, respectively
Keywords	Marsilea minuta; Cadmium; Carbohydrate metabolism; Amylase

Title	Cadmium Toxicity in Plants and Role of Mineral Nutrients in Its Alleviation
Author Name	Rahat Nazar, Noushina Iqbal, Asim Masood, M.Iqbal R. Khan, Shabina Syeed, Nafees A. Khan
Journal Name	American Journal of Plant Sciences
Year	2012
Volume and Issue	3
Pages	1476-1489
Abstracts	Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal that enters the environment through various anthropogenic sources, and inhibits plant growth and development. Cadmium toxicity may result from disturbance in plant metabolism as a consequence of disturbance in the uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients. Plant nutrients and Cd compete for the same transport-ers and, therefore, presence of Cd results in mineral nutrients deficiency. The optimization of mineral nutrients under Cd stress could reduce Cd toxicity by greater availability at the transport site resulting in reduced accumulation of Cd, and could also alleviate Cd-induced toxic effects by enhancing biochemical reactions and physiological processes in plants. In the present review the role of plant macro, micro and beneficial elements in alleviating Cd stress in crop plants is discussed.
Keywords	Antioxidant Enzymes; Cadmium Toxicity; Mineral Nutrition; Oxidative Stress

Title	Unravelling cadmium toxicity and tolerance in plants: Insight into regulatory mechanisms
Author Name	Susana M. Gallego, Liliana B. Penaa,b, Roberto A. Barciaa, Claudia E. Azpilicueta, Maria F. Iannonea, Eliana P. Rosalesa, Myriam S.Zawoznika, Maria D. Groppa, Maria P.Benavides
Journal Name	Environmental and experimental botany
Year	2012
Volume and Issue	83
Pages	33–46
Abstracts	The occurrence of heavy metals in soils may be beneficial or toxic to the environment. The biota may require some of these elements considered essentials (like Fe, Zn, Cu or Mo) in trace quantities, but at higher concentrations they may be poisonous. Due to the difficulty in controlling environmental metal accumulation, organisms have to cope with exposure to unwanted chemical elements, specially those considered biologically nonessential. Cadmium (Cd) belongs to this latter group. The effect of Cd toxicity on plants has been largely explored regarding inhibition of growth processes and decrease of photosynthetic apparatus activity. This article reviews current knowledge of uptake, transport and accumulation of Cd in plants and gives an overview of Cddetoxification mechanisms, Cd-induced oxidative damage and antioxidant defenses in plants. It also presents a picture of the role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in Cd toxicity; signalling and gene regulation are topics critically discussed.
Keywords	Cadmium; Heavy metals; Oxidative stress; Metal toxicity; Signalling; Gene regulation

Title	Oxidative post translational modifications of proteins related to cell cycle are involved in cadmium toxicity in wheat seedlings
Author Name	Liliana B. Pena, Roberto A. Barcia, Claudia E. Azpilicueta, Andrea A.E. Méndez, Susana M. Gallego
Journal Name	Plant Science
Year	2012
Volume and Issue	196
Pages	1-7
Abstracts	Abiotic stress is greatly associated with plant growth inhibition and redox cell imbalance. In the present work, we have investigated in which way oxidative posttranslational modifications (PTM) of proteins related to cell cycle may be implicated in post-germinative root growth reduction caused by cadmium, by methyl viologen (MV) and byhydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in wheat seedlings. Although cadmium is considered a redox inactive metal, reactive oxygen species were detected in the apex root of metal-treated seedlings. Oxidative stress hastened cells displacement from the cell division zone to elongation/differentiation zone, resulting in a shortened meristem. The number of cells in the proliferation zone was lower after MV, H₂O₂ and 10 μM Cd²⁺ treatments compared to control. All treatments increased protein carbonylation. Although no modification in total Ub-conjugated proteins was detected, oxidative treatments reduced cyclin D and CDKA protein ubiquitination, concomitantly with a decrease in expression of cyclin D/CDKA/Rb/E2F-regulated genes
Keywords	Cadmium; Cell cycle; Oxidative stress; Triticum aestivum; Root growth inhibition

Title	Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) mediate cadmium toxicity to an emergent wetland species
Author Name	Zhenhua Zhang, Zed Rengel, Kathy Meney, Ljiljana Pantelic, Radmila Tomanovic
Journal Name	Journal of Hazardous Materials
Year	2011
Volume and Issue	189, 1 -2
Pages	119-126
Abstracts	Growth and pollutant removal by emergent wetland plants may be influenced by interactions among mixed pollutants in constructed wetlands. A glasshouse experiment was conducted to investigate interactive effects of cadmium (Cd) × polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) × plant treatments on growth of Juncus subsecundus, Cd and PAH removal from soil and the total number of microorganisms in soil. Growth and biomass of J. subsecundus were significantly influenced by interaction of Cd and PAHs, significantly decreasing with either Cd or PAH additions, but with the effect of Cd on plant growth being stronger than that of PAHs. The mixture of low Cd and low PAH lessened Cd toxicity to plants, resulting in improved plant growth and increased Cd accumulation in plant tissues, thus enhancing Cd removal by plants. The dissipation of PAHs in soils was significantly influenced by interactions of Cd, PAH and plant presence or absence. The total number of microorganisms in soils was significantly increased by the PAH additions. The interactive effect of Cd and PAHs on plant growth may be linked to the changes in the abundance of microorganisms in the rhizosphere, probably via a positive effect of PAH metabolites and/or phytohormones produced by microorganisms on plant growth.
Keywords	Co-contamination; Constructed wetland; Juncus subsecundus; Metal; Organic pollutant; Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons

Title	Interactions of zinc and cadmium toxicity in their effects on growth and in antioxidative systems in tomato plants (Solarium lycopersicum)
Author Name	Jaouhra Cherif, Chamseddine Mediouni, Wided Ben Ammar, Fatma Jemal
Journal Name	Journal of Environmental science
Year	2011
Volume and Issue	23, 5
Pages	837-844
Abstracts	The interaction between zinc and cadmium was investigated in tomato plants (Solarium lycopersicum). Ten-day-old seedlings were treated with 10 μmol/L CdCl₂ associated to different concentrations of ZnCl₂(10, 50, 100, and 150 μmol/L). Zn supply clearly reduced Cd accumulation in leaves and simultaneously increased Zn concentration. Cd induced oxidative stress in leaves as indicated by an increase in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) level and chlorophyll breakdown. Furthermore, compared with control, Cd-treated plants had significantly higher activities of Superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), whereas, catalase (CAT, EC 1.111.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) activities were significantly suppressed by Cd addition. Zn supplementation, at low level, restored and enhanced the functional activity of these enzymes (SOD, CAT, APX and GR) as compared to Cd-alone-treated plants. The beneficial effect of adequate Zn level on Cd toxicity was confirmed by a significant decrease in TBARS level and restoration of chlorophyll content. However, when Zn was added at high level in combination with Cd there was an accumulation of oxidative stress, which was higher than that for Cd or excess Zn alone treatments. These results suggested that higher Zn concentrations and Cd are synergistic in their effect on plant growth parameters and oxidative stress.
Keywords	Solarium lycopersicum; cadmium; zinc; oxidative stress; antagonism; synergism

Title : Lindane
Subject : Lindane
Printed Year : 2023

Description :

Title	Mycoremediation with Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus ostreatus growth substrates versus phytoremediation with Festuca rubra and Brassica sp. for the recovery of a Pb and γ-HCH contaminated soil
Author Name	June Hidalgo, Lur Epelde, Mikel Anza, José M. Becerril, Carlos Garbisu
Journal Name	Chemosphere
Year	2023
Volume and Issue	327
Pages	138538
Abstracts	Organochlorine pesticides have been extensively used for many years to prevent insect diseases of rice (Oryza sativa L.), but little is known about thMycoremediation with mushroom growth substrates can be used for the recovery of mixed contaminated soils due to the benefits derived from the physicochemical characteristics of the substrates, the activity of extracellular enzymes secreted by the fungi, and the presence of the fungal mycelia. The objective of this work was to assess the potential of Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus ostreatus growth substrates (inoculated mushroom substrates vs. spent mushroom substrates) for the mycoremediation of soils co-contaminated with lead and lindane (γ-HCH). We compared the efficiency of these mycoremediation strategies with the phytoremediation with Brassica spp. Or Festuca rubra plants, in terms of both reduction in contaminant levels and enhancement of soil health. An enhanced soil health was achieved as a result of the application of mycoremediation treatments, compared to phytoremediation and control (untreated) treatments. The application of P. ostreatus inoculated substrate led to the most significant reduction in γ-HCH concentration (up to 88.9% compared to corresponding controls). In the presence of inoculated mushroom substrate, P. ostreatus fruiting bodies extracted more Pb than Brassica spp. Or F. rubra plants. Mycoremediation with P. ostreatus growth substrates appears a promising strategy for the recovery of the health of soils co-contaminated with Pb and γ-HCH.
Keywords	Bioremediation; Contamination; Lead; Lindane; Mushroom substrate

Title	Assembly of root-associated microbiomes of typical rice cultivars in response to lindane pollution
Author Name	Jiayin Fenga, Yan Xua, Bin Ma, Caixian Tang, Philip C. Brookes, Yan He & Jianming Xu
Journal Name	Environment International
Year	2019
Volume and Issue	131, 104975
Pages	--
Abstracts	Organochlorine pesticides have been extensively used for many years to prevent insect diseases of rice (Oryza sativa L.), but little is known about their residual impacts on the underground micro-ecology in anaerobic environment. In this glasshouse study, we characterized the lindane effects on the assembly of root-associated microbiomes of commonly used indica, japonica and hybrid rice cultivars, and their feedback in turn, in modifying lindane anaerobic dissipation during 60 days' rice production. The results showed that rice growth inhibited the anaerobic dissipation of lindane, but was not affected apparently by lindane at initial spiked concentration of 4.62 and 18.54 mg kg⁻¹ soil. Suppressed removal of lindane in rice planted treatments as compared with that in unplanted control was likely due to inhibited reductive dechlorination induced by a comprehensive effect of radial O₂ secretion of rice root and co-occurring Fe (III) reduction that consumed electron competitively in rice rhizosphere. However, the hybrid cultivar exhibited a less suppression than the conventional cultivars in high polluted soils. Bacteria was more sensitively responded to lindane pollution than fungal taxa, and Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Verrucomicrobia and Proteobacteria were the main different phyla between hybrid and conventional cultivars, with a more stable community structure exhibited in the hybrid rice under lindane stress. Our study highlights the assembly and variation of root-associated microbiomes in responses of lindane pollution, and suggests that hybrid rice cultivar might be most competent for cultivation in paddy fields polluted by lindane and other organochlorine pesticides, especially in the area with high residual levels.
Keywords	Lindane; glasshouse; anaerobic; dechlorination; rhizosphere; microbiomes; organochlorine

Title	Testing different strategies for the remediation of soils polluted with lindane
Author Name	J.Vidal, M.Carvela, C.Saez, P.Cañizares, V.Navarro, R.Salazar, M.A.Rodrigo
Journal Name	Chemical Engineering Journal
Year	2019
Volume and Issue	381, 122674
Pages	--
Abstracts	This work attempts to clarify the remediation processes involved in the treatment of soil spiked with non-soluble species like lindane. To achieve this goal, the remediation of spiked soil is evaluated coupling electro-kinetic soil flushing (EKSF) with three types of permeable reactive barriers (PRB) which consist of soil merged with nanoparticles of ZVI (n-ZVI), granular particles of ZVI (m-ZVI) or granular activated carbon (GAC). Likewise, the effect of reverse polarity in EKSF will be assessed. Results show that, for a given electric field applied, the intensity reached depends on the size and materials of the reactive particles contained in the PRB and decreases in the sequence EKAB-EKmZVIB-EKnZVIB. Additionally, water content and pH and conductivity profiles between rows of electrodes are also affected by the presence of PRB, mainly because ZVI particles can behave as bipolar electrodes and, thus amend current lines and water flux. In terms of lindane mobilization, the differences are even more remarkable since iron particles promote lindane dehalogenation and activated carbon shows a very good adsorption capacity for lindane. After 720 h of operation, the percentage of lindane extracted is below 2% in all EK-strategies while the percentage retained in soil depends on the strategy used: REKSF seems to prevent lindane removal while EKSF and EKAB lead to higher removal. Results are significant for the design of full-scale applications for the remediation of soils polluted with non-soluble species.
Keywords	Soil remediation; Electrokinetic soil flushing; Permeable reactive barriers; Lindane

Title	Lindane Bioremediation in Soils of Different Textural Classes by an Actinobacteria Consortium
Author Name	Enzo E. Raimondo, Juan D. Aparicio, Gabriela E. Briceño, María S. Fuentes, Claudia S. Benimeli
Journal Name	Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition
Year	2019
Volume and Issue	19, 1
Pages	29-41
Abstracts	Lindane is a highly chlorinated and recalcitrant insecticide, capable to accumulate in soil and groundwater. Despite lindane has been banned in many countries, numerous sites still remain contaminated. The present work studies the bioremediation of soils of different textures contaminated with lindane by bioaugmentation with a quadruple Streptomyces consortium. In the three evaluated soils, silty loam soil (SLS), sandy soil (SS), and clayey soil (CS), heterotrophic microbial populations increased during the 14 days of the assay and CFU counts were higher in bioaugmented than in non-bioaugmented soils. Lindane removal was detected in all contaminated treatments, with higher removal percentages in the bioaugmented microcosms (SS 70.3%, SLS 36.3%, and CS 30.7%), than in non-bioaugmented ones (SS 40.4%, SLS 9.3%, and CS 12.2%). The pesticide half-life decreased by 77.3, 50.3, and 10.7 days, in bioaugmented SLS, CS, and SS, respectively. Lindane had an inhibitory effect on soil enzyme activities such as dehydrogenase, fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis, acid and alkaline phosphatases and increased the catalase activity, in non-bioaugmented controls; however, no effect on urease activity was observed. Bioaugmentation of soil microcosms with actinobacteria increased all enzymatic activities. Finally, the survival of the four strains of the consortium was demonstrated at the end of the bioremediation assay. Bioremediation using the Streptomyces sp. A2-A5-A11-M7 consortium represents a promising tool to restore different types of soils contaminated with organochlorine pesticides.
Keywords	Pesticide; Streptomyces consortium; Bioaugmentation; Soils Enzymes

Title	Perspectives of lindane (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane) biodegradation from the environment: a review
Author Name	Dharmender Kumar and Rochika Pannu
Journal Name	Bioresources and Bioprocessing
Year	2018
Volume and Issue	5:29
Pages	--
Abstracts	This review describes the biodegradation of Lindane (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane, γ-HCH) from the diverse sources. Environmental degradation of γ-HCH has been described in terms of integrated biological approaches such as metagenomics, cloning, phytoremediation, nanobiodegradation, and biosrfactants, genes and enzymes responsible for γ-HCH degradation and exploration of new strains of γ-HCH-degrading microbes from different environmental sources. Metagenomics-based approaches help in the identification and isolation of new genes from the uncultivable sources and provide insights for future research. There is potential in the elucidation of pathways of degradation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from environment by the microorganisms. This is possible by means of new/improved microbial species. The behavior of isolated strains and the microorganisms when present in community is altogether different. Therefore, there is a need to develop new technology which will identify the minor component of the microbial community involved in degradation because the minor part might have profound effect on degradation. This is mediated by the biological activity of the microbial system.
Keywords	Microbial degradation; Metagenomics; Phytoremediation; Microbial Community; Lindane (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane, γ-HCH)

Title	Lindane dissipation in a biomixture: Effect of soil properties and bioaugmentation
Author Name	Juliana M.Saez, Ana L.Bigliardo, EnzoE.Raimondo, Gabriela E.Briceño, Marta A.Polti&Claudia S.Benimeliae
Journal Name	Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
Year	2018
Volume and Issue	Volume 156
Pages	97-105
Abstracts	The biomixture is the major constituent of a biopurification system and one of the most important factors in its efficiency; hence the selection of the components is crucial to ensure the efficient pesticides removal. Besides, bioaugmentation is an interesting approach for the optimization of these systems. A mixed culture of the fungus Trametesversicolor SGNG1 and the actinobacteria Streptomyces sp. A2, A5, A11, and M7, was designed to inoculate the biomixtures, based on previously demonstrated ligninolytic and pesticide-degrading activities and the absence of antagonism among the strains. The presence of lindane and/or the inoculum in the biomixtures had no significant effect on the development of culturable microorganisms regardless the soil type. The consortium improved lindane dissipation achieving 81–87% of removal at 66 d of incubation in the different biomixtures, decreasing lindane half-life to an average of 24 d, i.e. 6-fold less than t1/2 of lindane in soils. However, after recontamination, only the bioaugmentedbiomixture of silty loam soil enhanced lindane dissipation and decreased the t1/2 compared to non-bioaugmented. The biomixture formulated with silty loam soil, sugarcane bagasse, and peat, inoculated with a fungal-actinobacterial consortium, could be appropriate for the treatment of agroindustrial effluents contaminated with organochlorine pesticides in biopurification systems.
Keywords	Biomixture; Pesticides; Bioaugmentation; Biopurification system; Actinobacteria; Fungi

Title	Microbial-enhanced lindane removal by sugarcane (Saccharumofficinarum) in doped soil-applications in phytoremediation and bioaugmentation
Author Name	Jaseetha Abdul Salam, Mohammed A.A.Hatha&Nilanjana Das
Journal Name	Journal of Environmental Management
Year	2017
Volume and Issue	193
Pages	Pages 394-399
Abstracts	The aim of this study was to examine the effect of lindane-degrading yeast on the growth and lindane uptake by Saccharum sp., in doped garden soils. The rhizosphere of Saccharum plant was amended with yeast Candida VITJzN04 by root-inoculation. The bio-augment yeast was applied in two different forms viz., planktonic form and cells immobilized on sugarcane-bagasse, in the pot experiments. Garden soils (lindane∼100 mg/kg) exposed to various treatments were monitored for a period of 30 days, for residual lindane by gas-chromatography analysis. The lindane-removal rates in soil were expressed in terms of half-life period and were recorded as 13.3 days (yeast), 43.3 days (Saccharum), 9.8 days (free yeast-plant) and 7.1 days (immobilized yeast-plant). Additionally, Candida sp., was also identified as a plant growth promoting yeast due to its ability to produce growth hormone and solubilize insoluble phosphates in the soil for better uptake by the plant species. Bio-stimulation of the soil with yeast immobilized on sugarcane bagasse further enhanced the total yeast activity in the soil which in turn had a positive influence on lindane-removal. Combined treatment with bagasse immobilized yeast and plant showed the best lindane degradation. Results suggested that the synergistic activity of plant and yeast resulted in fast and efficient degradation of lindane. Thus, it can be concluded that Saccharum plant in combination with Candida VITJzN04 is an effective alternative for the conventional remediation strategies.
Keywords	Bioaugmentation; Candida VITJzN04; Immobilization; Lindane; Phytoremediation; Saccharum sp

Title	Targeting of detoxification potential of microorganisms and plants for cleaning environment polluted by organochlorine pesticides
Author Name	M.V.Kurashvili, G.S.Adamia, L.L.Amiranashvili, T.I.Ananiasvili, T.G.Varazi, M.V.Pruidze, M.S.Gordeziani&G.A.Khatisashvili
Journal Name	Annals of Agrarian Science
Year	2016
Volume and Issue	14,3
Pages	222-226
Abstracts	The goal of presented work is the development phytoremediation method targeted to cleaning environment polluted with organochlorine pesticides, based on joint application of specially selected plants and microorganisms. Initial degradation of pesticides carry out by microorganisms; the forming dehalogenated products easily uptake by the plants and undergo oxidative degradation via plant detoxification enzymes. This approach can complete degradation of toxicants and their mineralization into nontoxic compounds. In the presented work the results of using selected strains from genera Pseudomonas and plants phytoremediators in the model experiments are given. It has been shown that the using developed technological approach effectively decreased degree of pollution in artificially polluted soil samples.
Keywords	Detoxifidation potential; Organochlorine pesticides; Persistent organic; Pollutants; Phytoremediation technologies; Microorganisms

Title	Is Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek a suitable crop for Lindane contaminated soil?
Author Name	Vishal Tripathi, Rama Kant Dubey, H.B. Singh, Nandita Singh, P.C. Abhilash
Journal Name	Ecological Engineering
Year	2016
Volume and Issue	Volume 73
Pages	219 - 223
Abstracts	Lindane (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane) is an organochlorine pesticide recently included in the Stockholm list of persistent organic pollutants for global elimination. However, India is still allowed to use Lindane for combating vector borne diseases. Because of its large scale utilization during the last few decades, Lindane residue is reported from almost all agricultural soils of India. So there is an immediate need to monitor the accumulation of Lindane residue in crop plants growing in contaminated systems and suitable strategies should be taken to prevent the possible entry of Lindane in food chain. Therefore, in the present study, we studied the accumulation and translocation of Lindane in Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek (Mung bean), a widely grown legume in India as a cheap source of protein. The test plant was grown in four different concentrations of Lindane viz. 5, 10, 15 and 20 μg g⁻¹ soils and harvested at 15 and 45 days and at maturity. The experimental results showed that irrespective of the exposure days, the accumulation of Lindane in plant parts were linearly correlated (r2 = 0.915) with the Lindane concentration in soil. However, the Lindane concentration in soil significantly reduced the growth and yield (number of pods, pod length, number of seeds and seed weight) of the test plants at 95% confidence level (α = 5). At maturity, the concentration of Lindane in whole plant (root + shoot + leaf + seed) growing at four different concentrations were reached up to 3.8, 9.4, 13.5 and 17.79 μg g−1 dry matter, respectively. Worryingly, Lindane residue was found in the seeds of test plants grown at 10, 15 and 20 μg g⁻¹ soils and the concentrations were detected as 0.2, 0.4 and 0.89 μg g⁻¹ dry seed, respectively. Most importantly, the residue level detected in the edible part was higher than the maximum residue limit set by WHO and Codex Alimentarious Commission (0.1 μg g⁻¹). Thus our study suggests that Mung bean is not a suitable crop for medium to high level Lindane contaminated soil.
Keywords	Persistent organic pollutants; Organochlorine pesticide; Lindane; Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek; Phytoaccumulation; Maximum residue limit

Title	Phytoextraction and dissipation of Lindane by Spinacia oleracea L.
Author Name	Rama Kant Dubey, Vishal Tripathi, Nandita Singh, P.C. Abhilash
Journal Name	Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
Year	2014
Volume and Issue	Volume 109
Pages	22 - 26
Abstracts	Remediation and management of organochlorine pesticide (OCPs) contaminated soil is becoming a global priority as they are listed in the Stockholm list of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) for global elimination. Lindane is a OCPs candidate recently included in the Stockholm list. However, India has an exemption to produce Lindane for malaria control. Because of its widespread use during the last few decades, Lindane contaminated soils are found in almost all parts of India. Since phytoremediation is widely acknowledged as an innovative strategy for the clean-up of contaminated soils; the present study was aimed to evaluate the phytoextraction and dissipation of Lindane by a leafy vegetable Spinacia oleracea L (Spinach). The test plant was grown in different concentrations of Lindane (5, 10, 15 and 20 mg kg⁻¹) and harvested at 10, 30 and 45 days. At 45 days, the concentrations of Lindane in root and leaf of Spinach growing in four different concentrations were reached up to 3.5, 5.4, 7.6 and 12.3 mg kg⁻¹ and 1.8, 2.2, 3 and 4.9 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. There was a significant difference (p<0.01) in the dissipation of Lindane in vegetated and non-vegetated soil. Moreover, the residual Lindane in four experiments was reduced to 81, 76, 69 and 61 percent, respectively. The experimental results indicate that Spinach can be used for the phytoremediation of Lindane. However, more studies are required to prevent the toxicity of harvested parts.
Keywords	Persistent organic pollutants; Organochlorine pesticide; Lindane; Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek; Phytoaccumulation; Maximum residue limit

Title : Formaldehyde
Subject : Formaldehyde
Printed Year : 2017

Description :

Formaldehyde

Title	Improving Building Energy Efficiency Through Implementation Of An Active Indoor Rhizospheric Microbe Air Processing System
Author Name	West, Cortney
Journal Name	The University of Arizona
Year	2016
Volume and Issue
Pages
Abstracts	Commercial energy use in Arizona is different from the rest of the United States because of their high demand for air conditioning. Nearly half of the energy used in commercial buildings goes to heating, cooling, and ventilation. In an attempt to reduce overall every use in buildings, looking at these categories led to an examination of ventilation in buildings, which is the main cause for high heating and cooling costs. Ventilation of fresh air is required in order to provide a safe, healthy environment, with acceptable indoor air quality. Indoor air quality and pollution has continuously come to light as a major health concern for building occupants. Chemicals used in manufacturing allow consumers to buy and expose themselves to toxic substances such as volatile organic compounds on a daily basis. With minimal regulations on indoor air, it is important to find ways to better filter and clean it. The traditional solution is ventilation, but more fresh air ventilation means more heating and cooling. This paper explores the research that has been done on plants and phytoremediation and the applicability to indoor air quality. With the proof that certain combinations and amounts of plants can filter the air of volatile organic compounds, systems are explored for indoor air filtration instead of mechanical ventilation. This type of system can greatly reduce heating and cooling costs in buildings due to the reduction of outdoor air being brought in and requiring conditioning. A system of this type is a feasible solution to indoor air quality and can lead to a significant reduction in energy use. The proposed AIRMAPS is a system that in certain quantities can reduce the need for fresh air ventilation by 25%, which in turn has shown through the validation by eQUEST, that the energy used for heating, cooling, and ventilation fans can also be reduced by approximately the same amount. The plants used are spider plant, dumb cane, English ivy, and golden pothos. The average formaldehyde removal by each of these plants is a low approximation of 75% per cubic meter. This paper also considers the growing materials used for the plants; activated carbon, potting soil mix, and grow-stones, as well as their formaldehyde removal capabilities.
Keywords	Energy Reduction; Indoor Air Quality; Plants; Rhizosphere; Root Zone; Architecture; Energy Efficiency

Title	A lack of consensus in the literature findings on the removal of airborne benzene by houseplants: Effect of bacterial enrichment
Author Name	Wararat Sriprapat, Stuart E. Strand
Journal Name	Atmospheric Environment
Year	2016
Volume and Issue	131
Pages	9-16
Abstracts	Removal rates of benzene and formaldehyde gas by houseplants reported by several laboratories varied by several orders of magnitude. We hypothesized that these variations were caused by differential responses of soil microbial populations to the high levels of pollutant used in the studies, and tested responses to benzene by plants and soils separately. Five houseplant species and tobacco were exposed to benzene under hydroponic conditions and the uptake rates compared. Among the test plants, Syngonium podophyllum and Chlorophytum comosum and Epipremnum aureum had the highest benzene removal rates. The effects of benzene addition on populations of soil bacteria were determined using reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assays targeting microbial genes involved in benzene degradation. The total bacterial population increased as shown by increases in the levels of eubacteria 16S rRNA, which was significantly higher in the high benzene incubations than in the low benzene incubations. Transcripts (mRNA) of genes encoding phenol monooxygenases, catechol-2,3-dioxygenase and the housekeeping gene rpoB increased in all soils incubated with high benzene concentrations. Therefore the enrichment of soils with benzene gas levels typical of experiments with houseplants in the literature artificially increased the levels of total soil bacterial populations, and especially the levels and activities of benzene-degrading bacteria.
Keywords	Benzene, Hydroponic, Phytoremediation, Soil microbial, Volatile organic compounds, Formaldehyde

Title	Toward effective design and adoption of catalyst-based filter for indoor hazards: Formaldehyde abatement under realistic conditions
Author Name	Kwang Hoon Han, Jensen S. Zhang, Bing Guo
Journal Name	Journal of Hazardous Materials
Year	2016
Volume and Issue	331
Pages	161-170
Abstracts	Catalytic oxidation at ambient temperature has drawn wide attention as a new promising method of air cleaning, converting hazardous materials into non-hazardous ones. However, limited information is available regarding catalytic filter performance/characteristics under real operating conditions, especially on service efficiency and byproducts. Also, no practical scale-up method/evidence for filter performance evaluation is currently available to scale-up laboratory results to real application conditions. These limitations and knowledge gaps prevent building owners/designers from adopting this new promising technique in their commercial/industrial applications. The present study conducted experiments from small-scale to full-scale chamber tests which challenged a developed catalytic filter under realistic conditions. Formaldehyde was selected for approach demonstration due to its indoor ubiquitousness and criticality for human health even at low-levels. Results showed that the competition level for reaction sites in filter media had a crucial role in the performance for formaldehyde abatement, a high initial (77%; under no competing pollutants) to a typical stable level (23–32%), depending on the coexistence of other pollutants and moisture in the air, that the employment of this type of filter might generate byproducts (opposite to previous literature reports), and that small-scale column tests represented a good indication for large-scale filter performance as a practical screening method.
Keywords	Formaldehyde abatement, Manganese oxide catalyst, Full-scale chamber test, Room-temperature oxidation, PTR-MS

Title	Assessing the Indoor Pollutants Effect on Ornamental Plants Leaves by FT-IR Spectroscopy
Author Name	A. Husti, M. Cantor, R. Stefan, M. Miclean, M. Roman, I. Neacsu, I. Contiu, K. Magyari and M. Baia
Journal Name	Acta Physica Polonica
Year	2016
Volume and Issue	129
Pages	129-142
Abstracts	Air pollution has become a mass phenomenon, a major and global problem of modern society, affecting billions of people and environment. People are exposed to various levels of pollutants not just in the outdoor environment, but also in indoors. The quality of life and well-being of employees can be increased by incorporating ornamental plants in the work environment. Among the great variety of plants species able to remove/reduce indoor air pollutants Dracaena deremensis, Sansevieria trifasciata and Ficus elastica were hereby investigated. Their ability to remove chemical pollutants was evaluated in real-life conditions and the changes induced by the environmental stress on the structure and biochemical composition of the plants leaves were evidenced by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The most pronounced concentration decrease was noticed for the CO2 (58.33% removed concentration), whereas the mean value of the removed concentration of other chemical pollutants was of _25%. The Fourier transforms infrared spectra analysis revealed that, although the plants are subjected to the chemical pollutants action, they maintain the structure by adjusting their metabolism. A decrease in the overall protein contribution in the amide bands and an increase of the bands assigned to polysaccharide vibrations, illustrate the consequences of the pollution action. Moreover, the chlorophyll presence is evidenced in the IR spectra of all samples by the bands around 1040, 1445, 1620, and 1735 cm1. The results show that the Fourier transform infrared spectra are an important source of information for the rapid characterization of the chemical structure of the biological systems under environmental stress.
Keywords	Air pollution, environmental stress, ornamental plants

Title	Impact of formaldehyde and VOCs from waste treatment plants upon the ambient air nearby an urban area (Spain)
Author Name	Eva Gallego, Francisco Javier Roca, José Francisco Perales, Xavier Guardino, Enrique Gadea, Pedro Garrote
Journal Name	Science of The Total Environment
Year	2016
Volume and Issue	568
Pages	369-380
Abstracts	Emission factors of formaldehyde and VOCs were determined for two waste treatment plants (WTP) located in the metropolitan area of Barcelona city. Formaldehyde emission factors were determined from the biogas engines exhausts and the process chimneys (after the biofilter process), and VOC emission factors were determined in the process chimneys. Formaldehyde and VOC were dynamically sampled using DNPH-coated adsorbent tubes with ozone scrubber and multi-sorbent bed tubes (Carbotrap, Carbopack X and Carboxen 569), respectively, using portable pump equipment. Formaldehyde emission factors from biogas engines were found between 0.001–0.04 g s^− 1. Additionally, formaldehyde and VOC emission factors from process chimneys were found to be between 0.0002–0.003 g s^− 1 and 0.9 ± 0.3 g s^− 1, respectively. Employing real emission factors, the expected concentrations derived from the WTPs in their nearby urban areas were calculated using The Atmospheric Pollution Model (TAPM, CSIRO), and impact maps were generated. On the other hand, ambient air formaldehyde and VOC concentrations were determined in selected locations close to the evaluated waste treatment facilities using both active and passive samplers, and were between 2.5 ± 0.4–5.9 ± 1.0 μg m-3 and 91 ± 48–242 ± 121 μg m-3, respectively. The concentrations of formaldehyde and VOC derived exclusively from the waste treatment plants were around 2% and 0.3 ± 0.9% of the total formaldehyde and VOC concentrations found in ambient air, respectively.
Keywords	Formaldehyde, Volatile organic compounds, TD-GC/MS, Waste treatment, Outdoor air quality

Title	Removal of Indoor Volatile Organic Compounds via Photocatalytic Oxidation: A Short Review and Prospect
Author Name	· Yu Huang , Steven Sai Hang Ho , Yanfeng Lu , Ruiyuan Niu, Lifeng Xu , Junji Cao and Shuncheng Lee
Journal Name	Molecules
Year	2016
Volume and Issue	21, 1
Pages	56
Abstracts	Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are ubiquitous in indoor environments. Inhalation of VOCs can cause irritation, difficulty breathing, and nausea, and damage the central nervous system as well as other organs. Formaldehyde is a particularly important VOC as it is even a carcinogen. Removal of VOCs is thus critical to control indoor air quality (IAQ). Photocatalytic oxidation has demonstrated feasibility to remove toxic VOCs and formaldehyde from indoor environments. The technique is highly-chemical stable, inexpensive, non-toxic, and capable of removing a wide variety of organics under light irradiation. In this paper, we review and summarize the traditional air cleaning methods and current photocatalytic oxidation approaches in both of VOCs and formaldehyde degradation in indoor environments. Influencing factors such as temperature, relative humidity, deactivation and reactivations of the photocatalyst are discussed. Aspects of the application of the photocatalytic technique to improve the IAQ are suggested.
Keywords	VOCs, formaldehyde, photocatalysis, review, influencing factors

Title	The Effects of Indoor Foliage Plants on Perceived Air Quality, Mood, Attention, and Productivity
Author Name	Desto Jumeno and Hiroshi Matsumoto
Journal Name	Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture Research
Year	2016
Volume and Issue	3,4
Pages	1359-1370
Abstracts	People put plants indoors to create a pleasant interior space and to make the indoor air fresher. However, the placement of indoor plants is more instinctive or artistic rather than rational. Thus, this necessitates a systematic method for placing plants indoors to gain positive results for improving the quality of our well-being. This paper aims to investigate the effect of the number and size of plants on perceived air quality, mood, attention, and productivity. An experiment consisting of two variations on the number of plants and three variations on the size of plants was conducted for this study. 18 subjects consisted of 10 males and 8 females with average age of 23.5 years old participated in the study. All subjects performed in all treatments in the experiment with a repeated measures design. From the experiment, it was found that room with 3 small and medium sized plants (3-S and 3-M) produced the highest mood, room with 1-S, 3-M and 3-L produced the smallest reaction time, room with 1-S produced the highest productivity, and room with 3-S has the highest perceived air quality. In conclusion, the number of plants had an impact on the mood of the subjects; the larger the number of plants, the better the mood of the subjects. It was also revealed that Interactions between the number and the size of plants affected the perceived air quality and reaction time.
Keywords	Indoor foliage plants, number and size of plants, perceived air quality, mood, attention, productivity, secondary task reaction time, repeated measures.

Title	Removal of Low-Molecular Weight Aldehydes by Selected Houseplants under Different Light Intensities and CO₂ Concentrations
Author Name	Jian Li , Chun-Juan Xie , Jing Cai , Liu-Shui Yan and Ming-Ming Lu
Journal Name	Atmosphere
Year	2016
Volume and Issue	7, 11
Pages	-
Abstracts	The removal of five low-molecular weight aldehydes by two houseplants (Schefflera octophylla (Lour.) Harms and Chamaedorea elegans) were investigated in a laboratory simulation environment with short-term exposure to different low light intensities and CO₂ concentrations. Under normal circumstances, the C₁–C₅ aldehyde removal rates of Schefflera octophylla (Lour.) Harms and Chamaedorea elegans (Lour.) Harms ranged from 0.311 μmol/m²/h for valeraldehyde to 0.677 μmol/m²/h for formaldehyde, and 0.526 μmol/m²/h for propionaldehyde to 1.440 μmol/m²/h for formaldehyde, respectively. However, when the light intensities varied from 0 to 600 lx, a significant correlation between the aldehyde removal rate and the light intensity was found. Moreover, the CO₂ experiments showed that the total aldehyde removal rates of Schefflera octophylla (Lour.) Harms and Chamaedorea elegans (Lour.) Harms decreased 32.0% and 43.2%, respectively, with increasing CO₂ concentrations from 350 ppmv to 1400 ppmv. This might be explained by the fact that the excessive CO₂ concentration decreased the stomatal conductance which limited the carbonyl uptake from the stomata.
Keywords	Houseplants, light intensities, CO₂, low-molecular weight, aldehydes, removal

Title	Levels of volatile organic compounds in homes in Dalian, China
Author Name	Guirong Song, Aisong Yu, Kiyoshi Sakai, Md Khalequzzaman , Tamie Nakajima, Fumihiko Kitamura, Peng Guo, Kazuhito Yokoyama, Fengyuan Piao
Journal Name	Air Quality Atmosphere Health
Year	2016
Volume and Issue	10
Pages	171-181
Abstracts	This paper measured selected individual volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including formaldehyde, in residences in Dalian, evaluated the association between the apartment characteristics and VOC concentrations, and explored the associations between chemicals and sick building syndrome (SBS). Higher VOC concentrations were measured indoors than outdoors in summer (August to September) and winter (January to March) in Dalian, and there were no strong correlations between the indoor and outdoor concentrations of most VOCs. This indicates the dominance of indoor sources as compared to outdoor sources. Formaldehyde was the most abundant compound in this study, followed by toluene, benzene, xylene, and styrene. These pollutants increase the occurrence of SBS. Thus, the VOC levels in dwellings in Dalian should be regulated, in view of SBS risks.
Keywords	Volatile organic compounds, Formaldehyde, Sick building syndrome

Title	Changes in air ions concentration depending on indoor plants activity
Author Name	N. Siņicina and A. Martinovs
Journal Name	Agronomy Research
Year	2016
Volume and Issue	14, 1
Pages	236 –243
Abstracts	Lack of negative ions in the air can cause deterioration of the health which is described in many scientific articles. At the same time, an air saturated with negative ions can improve the state of health and provide a comfortable indoor environment. In addition, there are considerable evidences that drowsiness, apathy, headache etc. get even worse indoors, and these health problems may be effectively eliminated with a help of moderate concentrations of negative ions. Literature sources and earlier researches state that plants may be able to produce a variety of air ions, including negative light ions. The most plants emit different types of volatile organic compounds, and the indoor plants can improve the air quality: they effectively remove organic pollution and reduce the number of microorganisms in the air by releasing phytoncides. In this article, the regularity of influence of plants on the number of ions in the room is being proved, basing on a series of experiments performed with the following plants: Spathiphyllum, Pinus mugo, Aloe arborescens, Chlorophytum comosum, Cactaceae opuntia.
Keywords	Air ions, plants, microclimate

Title	Household air pollution and its effects on health
Author Name	Komalkirti Apte and Sundeep Salvi
Journal Name	F1000 Research
Year	2016
Volume and Issue	5
Pages	-
Abstracts	Household air pollution is a leading cause of disability-adjusted life years in Southeast Asia and the third leading cause of disability-adjusted life years globally. There are at least sixty sources of household air pollution, and these vary from country to country. Indoor tobacco smoking, construction material used in building houses, fuel used for cooking, heating and lighting, use of incense and various forms of mosquito repellents, use of pesticides and chemicals used for cleaning at home, and use of artificial fragrances are some of the various sources that contribute to household air pollution. Household air pollution affects all stages of life with multi-systemic health effects, and its effects are evident right from pre-conception to old age. In utero exposure to household air pollutants has been shown to have health effects which resonate over the entire lifetime. Exposures to indoor air pollutants in early childhood also tend to have repercussions throughout life. The respiratory system bears the maximum brunt, but effects on the cardiovascular system, endocrine system, and nervous system are largely underplayed. Household air pollutants have also been implicated in the development of various types of cancers. Identifying household air pollutants and their health implications helps us prepare for various health-related issues. However, the real challenge is adopting changes to reduce the health effects of household air pollution and designing innovative interventions to minimize the risk of further exposure. This review is an attempt to understand the various sources of household air pollution, the effects on health, and strategies to deal with this emergent risk factor of global mortality and morbidity.
Keywords	air quality, particulate matter, air pollutants

Title	Biomonitoring and Remediation by Plants
Author Name	Gyan Prakash Gupta, Umesh Kulshrestha
Journal Name	Plant Responses to Air Pollution
Year	2016
Volume and Issue	53
Pages	119-132
Abstracts	Dealing with environmental pollution promises to be one of man’s most urgent problems in the years to come. This chapter deals with different components of air pollution biomonitoring and their remediation by using different plant species of herbs, shrubs, and trees as green technology. Various methods of biomonitoring apply the whole or part of an organism to measure the exposure of a plant as well as accumulation of a pollutant. They have the great advantage to show clearly the effects of air pollutants as bioindicator plants. Bioindicators can reveal the impact and the cumulative effects of different pollutants. Phytoremediation is a set of processes such as rhizodegradation, phytostabilization, phytofiltration, phytoextraction, phytodegradation, and phytovolatilization. Through these processes plants remediate the pollutants, partially and sustainably from the atmosphere. Atmospheric gases (NO₂, SO₂, O₃, etc.), heavy metals, and VOC pollutants are reduced by absorbing and metabolizing them into less toxic compounds by site-specific plants or through the changes in the plant genome by overexpression of pollution-fighting genes through genetic engineering.
Keywords	Biomonitoring, Phytoremediation, Air pollution, Bioindicator

Title	The Potted-Plant Microcosm Substantially Reduces Indoor Air VOC Pollution: I. Office Field-Study
Author Name	Ronald A. Wood, Margaret D. Burchett, Ralph Alquezar, Ralph L. Orwell, Jane Tarran, Fraser Torpy
Journal Name	Water, Air, and Soil Pollution
Year	2016
Volume and Issue	175, 1
Pages	163–180
Abstracts	Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are major contaminants of indoor air, with concentrations often several times higher than outdoors. They are recognized as causative agents of “building-related illness” or “sick-building syndrome”. Our previous laboratory test-chamber studies have shown that the potted-plant/root-zone microorganism microcosm can eliminate high concentrations of air-borne VOCs within 24 hours, once the removal response has been induced by an initial dose. However, the effectiveness of the potted-plant microcosm in ‘real-world’ indoor spaces has never previously been tested experimentally. This paper reports the results of a field-study on the effects of potted-plant presence on total VOC (TVOC) levels, measured in 60 offices (12 per treatment), over two 5–9 week periods, using three planting regimes, with two ‘international indoor-plant’ species. Fourteen VOCs were identified in the office air. When TVOC loads in reference offices rose above 100 ppb, large reductions, of from 50 to 75% (to <100 ppb), were found in planted offices, under all planting regimes The results indicate that air-borne TVOC levels above a threshold of about 100 ppb stimulate the graded induction of an efficient metabolic VOC-removal mechanism in the microcosm. Follow-up laboratory dose-response experiments, reported in the following paper, confirm the graded induction response, over a wide range of VOC concentrations. The findings together demonstrate that potted-plants can provide an efficient, self-regulating, low-cost, sustainable, bioremediation system for indoor air pollution, which can effectively complement engineering measures to reduce indoor air pollution, and hence improve human wellbeing and productivity.
Keywords	indoor air pollution, VOC, TVOC, “sick-building syndrome” , “building-related illness”, environmental biotechnology, bioremediation phytoremediation, potted-plant

Title	The Potted-Plant Microcosm Substantially Reduces Indoor Air VOC Pollution: II. Laboratory Study
Author Name	Ralph L. Orwell, Ronald A. Wood, Margaret D. Burchett , Jane Tarran, Fraser Torpy
Journal Name	Water, Air, and Soil Pollution
Year	2006
Volume and Issue	177,1
Pages	50-80
Abstracts	Indoor air-borne loads of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are usually significantly higher than those outdoors, and chronic exposures can cause health problems. Our previous laboratory studies have shown that the potted-plant microcosm, induced by an initial dose, can eliminate high air-borne VOC concentrations, the primary removal agents being potting-mix microorganisms, selected and maintained in the plant/root-zone microcosm. Our office field-study, reported in the preceding paper, showed that, when total VOC (TVOC) loads in reference offices (0 plants) rose above about 100 ppb, levels were generally reduced by up to 75% (to < 100 ppb) in offices with any one of three planting regimes. The results indicate the induction of the VOC removal mechanism at TVOC levels above a threshold of about 100 ppb. The aims of this laboratory dose-response study were to explore and analyse this response. Over from 5 to 9 days, doses of 0.2, 1.0, 10 and 100 ppm toluene and m-xylene were applied and replenished, singly and as mixtures, to potted-plants of the same two species used in the office study. The results confirmed the induction of the VOC removal response at the lowest test dosage, i.e in the middle of the TVOC range found in the offices, and showed that, with subsequent dosage increments, further stepwise induction occurred, with rate increases of several orders of magnitude. At each dosage, with induction, VOC concentrations could be reduced to below GC detection limits (< 20 ppb) within 24 h. A synergistic interaction was found with the binary mixtures, toluene accelerating m-xylene removal, at least at lower dosages. The results of these two studies together demonstrate that the potted-plant microcosm can provide an effective, self-regulating, sustainable bioremediation or phytoremediation system for VOC pollution in indoor air.
Keywords	indoor air pollution, VOC, TVOC, toluene m-xylene , “sick building syndrome”, “building related illness”, environmental biotechnology, bioremediation, phytoremediation, potted-plant

Title	Efficiency of Volatile Formaldehyde Removal by Indoor Plants: Contribution of Aerial Plant Parts versus the Root Zone
Author Name	Kwang Jin Kim, Mi Jung Kil, Jeong Seob Song , Eun Ha Yoo
Journal Name	Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science
Year	2008
Volume and Issue	133, 4
Pages	521-526
Abstracts	The contribution of aerial plant parts versus the root zone to the removal of volatile formaldehyde by potted Fatsia japonica Decne. & Planch. And Ficus benjamina L. plants were assessed during the day and night. The removal capacity of the entire plant, aerial plant parts, and root zone was determined by exposing the relevant parts to gaseous formaldehyde (2 μL·L⁻¹) in airtight chambers (1.0 m³) constructed of inert materials. The rate of formaldehyde removal was initially rapid but decreased as the internal concentration diminished in the chamber. To compare the removal efficiency between species and plant parts, the time interval required to reach 50% of the initial concentration was determined (96 and 123 min for entire plants of F. japonica and F. benjamina, respectively). In both species, the aerial plant parts reduced the formaldehyde concentration during the day but removed little during the night. However, the root zone eliminated a substantial amount of formaldehyde during the day and night. The ratio of formaldehyde removal by aerial plant parts versus the root zone was similar for both species, at ≈1:1 during the day and 1:11 at night. The effectiveness of the root zone in formaldehyde removal was due primarily to microorganisms and roots (≈90%); only about 10% was due to adsorption by the growing medium. The results indicate that the root zone is a major contributor to the removal of formaldehyde. A better understanding of formaldehyde metabolism by root zone microflora should facilitate maximizing the phytoremediation efficiency of indoor plants.
Keywords	Fatsia japonica, Ficus benjamina, indoor air quality, potted plant, phytoremediation, volatile organic compounds

Title	Screening Indoor Plants for Volatile Organic Pollutant Removal Efficiency
Author Name	BAI Yan Bin, LIU Xing Rong
Journal Name	HortScience
Year	2008
Volume and Issue	44,5
Pages	1377-1381
Abstracts	Twenty-eight ornamental species commonly used for interior plantscapes were screened for their ability to remove five volatile indoor pollutants: aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene and toluene), aliphatic hydrocarbon (octane), halogenated hydrocarbon [trichloroethylene (TCE)], and terpene (α-pinene). Individual plants were placed in 10.5-L gas-tight glass jars and exposed to ≈10 ppm (31.9, 53.7, 37.7, 46.7, and 55.7 mg·m⁻³) of benzene, TCE, toluene, octane, and α-pinene, respectively. Air samples (1.0 mL) within the glass containers were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy 3 and 6 h after exposure to the test pollutants to determine removal efficiency by monitoring the decline in concentration over 6 h within sealed glass containers. To determine removal by the plant, removal by other means (glass, plant pot, media) was subtracted. The removal efficiency, expressed on a leaf area basis for each volatile organic compound (VOC), varied with plant species. Of the 28 species tested, Hemigraphis alternata, Hedera helix, Hoya carnosa, and Asparagus densiflorus had the highest removal efficiencies for all pollutants; Tradescantia pallida displayed superior removal efficiency for four of the five VOCs (i.e., benzene, toluene, TCE, and α-pinene). The five species ranged in their removal efficiency from 26.08 to 44.04 μg·m⁻³·m⁻²·h⁻¹ of the total VOCs. Fittonia argyroneura effectively removed benzene, toluene, and TCE. Ficus benjamina effectively removed octane and α-pinene, whereas Polyscias fruticosa effectively removed octane. The variation in removal efficiency among species indicates that for maximum improvement of indoor air quality, multiple species are needed. The number and type of plants should be tailored to the type of VOCs present and their rates of emanation at each specific indoor location.
Keywords	volatile organic compounds, benzene, toluene, octane, trichloroethylene, α-pinene, phytoremediation, indoor air quality

Title	Potted-plant/growth media interactions and capacities for removal of volatiles from indoor air
Author Name	R. A. Wood, R. L. Orwell, J. Tarran, F. Torpy & M. Burchett
Journal Name	The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology
Year	2002
Volume and Issue	77
Pages	120-129
Abstracts	Results are presented of an investigation into the capacity of the indoor potted-plant/growth medium microcosm to remove air-borne volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which contaminate the indoor environment, using three plant species, Howea forsteriana (Becc. (Kentia palm), Spathiphyllum wallisii Schott. ‘Petite’ (Peace Lily) and Dracaena deremensis Engl. ‘Janet Craig’. The selected VOCs were benzene and n-hexane, both common contaminants of indoor air. The findings provide the first comprehensive demonstration of the ability of the potted-plant system to act as an integrated biofilter in removing these contaminants. Under the test conditions used, it was found that the microorganisms of the growth medium were the “rapid-response” agents of VOC removal, the role of the plants apparently being mainly in sustaining the root microorganisms. The use of potted-plants as a sustainable biofiltration system to help improve indoor air quality can now be confidently promoted. The results are a first step towards developing varieties of plants and associated microflora with enhanced air-cleaning capacities, while continuing to make an important contribution to the aesthetics and psychological comfort of the indoor environment.
Keywords	indoor environment, VOC removal, sustainable biofiltration system

Title	Biological treatment of indoor air for VOC removal: Potential and challenges
Author Name	Benoit Guieysse, Cecile Hort, Vincent Plate, Raul Munoz, Michel Ondarts, Sergio Revah
Journal Name	Biotechnology Advances
Year	2008
Volume and Issue	26, 5
Pages	398-410
Abstracts	There is nowadays no single fully satisfactory method for VOC removal from indoor air due to the difficulties linked to the very low concentration (μg m^− 3 ranges), diversity, and variability at which VOCs are typically found in the indoor environment. Although biological methods have shown a certain potential for this purpose, the specific characteristic of indoor air and the indoor air environment brings numerous challenges. In particular, new methods must be developed to inoculate, express, and maintain a suitable and diverse catabolic ability under conditions of trace substrate concentration which might not sustain microbial growth. In addition, the biological treatment of indoor air must be able to purify large amounts of air in confined environments with minimal nuisances and release of microorganisms. This requires technical innovations, the development of specific testing protocols and a deep understanding of microbial activities and the mechanisms of substrate uptake at trace concentrations.
Keywords	Biofiltration, Indoor air quality, Sick-building syndrome, Volatile organic compound, Green building

Title	Efficacy of Indoor Plants for the Removal of Single and Mixed Volatile Organic Pollutants and Physiological Effects of the Volatiles on the Plants
Author Name	Mung Hwa Yoo, Youn Jung Kwon and Ki-Cheol Son
Journal Name	Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science
Year	2006
Volume and Issue	131, 4
Pages	452-458
Abstracts	Foliage plants of Hedera helix L. (english ivy), Spathiphyllum wallisii Regal (peace lily), Syngonium podophyllum Schott. (nephthytis), and Cissus rhombifolia Vahl. (grape ivy) were evaluated for their ability to remove two indoor volatile organic air pollutants, benzene and toluene. Removal was monitored when the aerial portion of plants was exposed singly to 1 μL·L^-1 or to 0.5 μL·L^-1 of each gas in a closed environment over 6-hour periods during the day and the night. Selected physiological processes were assessed before and immediately after treatment to determine the effect of the gases on the plants. The effectiveness of plants in the removal of air pollutant(s) varied with species, time of day, and whether the gases were present singly or as a mixture. When exposed to a single gas, S. wallisii, S. podophyllum, and H. helix displayed higher removal efficiencies (ng·m^-3·h^-1·cm^-2 leaf area) of either gas than C. rhombifolia during the day. The efficiency of removal changed when both gases were present; H. helix was substantially more effective in the removal of either benzene or toluene than the other species, with the removal of toluene more than double that of benzene. When exposed singly, the removal of both compounds was generally higher during the day than during the night for all species; however, when present simultaneously, H. helix removal efficiency during the night was similar to the day indicating that stomatal diffusion for english ivy was not a major factor. The results indicated an interaction between gases in uptake by the plant, the presence of different avenues for uptake, and the response of a single gas was not necessarily indicative of the response when other gases are present. Changes in the rates of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration before and after exposure indicated that the volatiles adversely affected the plants and the effects were not consistent across species and gases. Deleterious effects of volatile pollutants on indoor plants may be critical in their efficacy in improving indoor air quality and warrant further study.
Keywords	Benzene, toluene, volatile organic compounds, stress, injury, indoor pollutants, phytoremediation, detoxification

Title	Formaldehyde removal by common indoor plant species and various growing media
Author Name	Ahu Aydogan, Lupita D. Montoya
Journal Name	Atmospheric Environment
Year	2016
Volume and Issue	45,16
Pages	2675-2682
Abstracts	Three porous materials (growstone, expanded clay and activated carbon) were evaluated as hydroponic growing media and for their individual ability to remove the indoor volatile organic compound formaldehyde under three conditions: growing medium alone, dry medium in a pot, and wet medium in a pot. The total percent-reduction of formaldehyde by each growing media was evaluated over a 10-h period. In all cases, activated carbon achieved the highest removal under the three conditions studied with average percent reductions measured at about 98%. Four common interior plants: Hedera helix (English ivy), Chrysanthemum morifolium (pot mum), Dieffenbachia compacta (dump cane) and Epipremnum aureum (golden pathos) growing in growstone were then tested for their ability to remove formaldehyde. The removal capacity of the aerial plant parts (AP), the root zone (RZ) and the entire plant (EP) growing in growstone were determined by exposing the relevant parts to gaseous formaldehyde (∼2000 μg m⁻³) in a closed chamber over a 24-h period. The removal efficiency between species and plant parts were compared by determining the time interval required to dechttp://www.nbrienvis.nic.in/adminPanel/Bibliography/BibliographyEdit.aspx?Lid=2459rease about 2/3 of the total formaldehyde concentration reduction, T_2/3. The T_2/3 measured were 23, 30, 34 and 56 min for EP of C. morifolium, E. aureum, D. compacta and H. helix, respectively. The formaldehyde removal by the root zone was found to be more rapid than the removal by the aerial plant parts.
Keywords	Volatile organic compounds, Formaldehyde, Indoor air quality; Interior plants, Growing media

Title : Suspended Particulate Matter
Subject : Suspended Particulate Matter
Printed Year : 2020

Description :

Title	The in situ pilot-scale phytoremediation of airborne VOCs and particulate matter with an active green wall
Author Name	T. Pettit, P. J. Irga & F. R. Torpy
Journal Name	Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health
Year	2019
Volume and Issue	12, 1
Pages	33-44
Abstracts	Atmospheric pollutant phytoremediation technologies, such as potted plants and green walls, have been thoroughly tested in lab-scale experiments for their potential to remove air pollutants. The functional value of these technologies, however, is yet to be adequately assessed in situ, in ‘high value’ environments, where pollutant removal will provide the greatest occupant health benefits. Air pollution in countries such as China is a significant public health issue, and efficient air pollution control technologies are needed. This work used pilot-scale trials to test the capacity of potted plants, a passive green wall and an active green wall (AGW) to remove particulate matter (PM) and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) from a room in a suburban residential house in Sydney, Australia, followed by an assessment of the AGW’s potential to remove these pollutants from a classroom in Beijing. In the residential room, compared to potted plants and the passive green wall, the AGW maintained TVOCs at significantly lower concentrations throughout the experimental period (average TVOC concentration 72.5% lower than the control), with a similar trend observed for PM. In the classroom, the AGW reduced the average TVOC concentration by ~ 28% over a 20-min testing period compared to levels with no green wall and a filtered HVAC system in operation. The average ambient PM concentration in the classroom with the HVAC system operating was 101.18 μg/m3, which was reduced by 42.6% by the AGW. With further empirical validation, AGWs may be implemented to efficiently clean indoor air through functional reductions in PM and TVOC concentrations.
Keywords	Active green wall; Botanical biofilter; Living wall; Indoor air quality; Potted plant & Green infrastructure.

Title	Potential of Thirteen Urban Greening Plants to Capture Particulate Matter on Leaf Surfaces across Three Levels of Ambient Atmospheric Pollution
Author Name	Yanmei Li, Shaojun Wang & Qibo Chen
Journal Name	Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health
Year	2019
Volume and Issue	16, 3
Pages	--
Abstracts	The potential of urban greening plants to capture particulate matter (PM) from the ambient atmosphere is contingent on interactions between the level of pollution and leaf surfaces. For this study, thirteen plant species were investigated to quantify their capacity of PM accumulation under three atmospheric environments, that is, industrial, traffic and university campus (control), in Kunming City (Southwest China). The sampled sites represented different pollution levels (that is, high pollution, slight pollution and clean air, respectively). The plant species differed in their accumulation of PM by six- to eight-fold across the three sites. Magnolia grandiflora was the most efficient evergreen tree species, whereas Platanus acerifolia had the highest capture of PM among deciduous trees. The accumulation capacity of the same species varied with the degree of pollution. For example, Osmanthus fragrans, Loropetalum chinense and Cinnamomum japonicum were highly efficient for the capture of PM in the traffic and university campus areas; however, they exhibited medium accumulation in the industrial area. Prunus majestica demonstrated an intermediate accumulation capacity in the industrial area, but was low in the traffic and university campus areas. The capturing capacity of the same genus was also different among the different levels of pollution. For example, C. japonicum had a 2.9–4.2-times higher PM accumulation than did C. camphora across the three sites. There were significant differences in leaf surface area, stomata density/length, guard cell area, and trichome density/length among these species. The species-specific efficacy of PM capture was primarily contributed to by leaf size and surface roughness, stomata density, and trichome length. In particular, hairy-leaf leaves with medium stomatal density exhibited higher PM capture. Therefore, leaf micromorphology, leaf size and longevity appeared to be significant predictive factors for the accumulation of PM, which may aid in the selection of greening plant species for the remediation of pollutants in urban areas.
Keywords	air particulate matter; functional zone; micromorphological traits; trees and shrubs

Title	Removal of particulate matter and trace elements from ambient air by urban greenery in the winter season
Author Name	Arkadiusz Przybysz, Gayane Nersisyan & Stanislaw Waldemar Gawroński
Journal Name	Environmental Science and Pollution Research
Year	2018
Volume and Issue	26, 1
Pages	473–482
Abstracts	Particulate matter (PM) is one of the most harmful inhaled pollutants. When PM is emitted into the atmosphere, the only possible method for cleaning ambient air is through vegetation acting as biological filters for pollutants. However, in winter periods when the concentration of PM is usually the highest, the efficiency of plants is very low. The aim of this work was therefore to examine the accumulation of PM and selected trace elements (TE) by three species, evergreen coniferous Taxus baccata L. and Pinus nigra Arn., and deciduous Carpinus betulus L. during the winter season. The highest amounts of PM accumulated on the foliage of P. nigra, while TE on the leaves of C. betulus. Most of the PM accumulated on plant foliage belonged to the large fraction size (10–100 μm) and was deposited on the surface of foliage (SPM). The concentration of four TE (Ni, Pb, Cd, and Sb) was higher in PM accumulated on foliage, while in the case of three other TE (Zn, Cr and Mg), their concentration was higher in plant tissue. The TE were recorded in all PM size fractions and were rather equally distributed between surface PM (SPM) and in-wax PM (WPM). These findings have implications for urban plantings in countries with short vegetative season, where tolerant conifer species and deciduous species which keep foliage through winter should be included in urban forest plantings due to their efficiency in the removal of pollutants from the air.
Keywords	Air quality; Evergreen trees and shrubs; Heavy metals; In-wax PM; Phytoremediation; PM size fractions; Surface PM

Title	Effect of Particulate Matter (PM) On Climate, Plants, Human Health and Ecosystem
Author Name	Dr. Subhadra Rajpoot & Kabom Lego
Journal Name	International Journal of Scientific Research
Year	2018
Volume and Issue	7, 5
Pages	--
Abstracts	The work reported in this paper is part of a much larger research project on airborne particulate matter. These particulates have now become a matter of serious concern in the global environment, since not only can they have substantial negative effects on human health but they can also influence precipitation levels, the earth’s climate and the ecosystem. Furthermore, the deposition of these particles on vegetated surfaces can adversely affect plant and animal life. The size, chemical composition, and origin of these particulates vary greatly. The effects of these particles have been comprehensively studied and reviewed in this paper with their associated environmental impact.
Keywords	Particulate matter; effect on human health; effect on climate; effect on ecosystem; deposition

Title	Suspended particulate matter deposition and its impact on urban trees
Author Name	Indra Jeet Chaudhary & Dheeraj Rathore
Journal Name	Atmospheric Pollution Research
Year	2018
Volume and Issue	9, 6
Pages	1072-1082
Abstracts	Fine particulate matter of industrial and traffic emissions can cause serious health hazard to urban population. However, roadside trees can be particularly effective at capturing air suspended pollutants in urban areas. This study aimed to determine the dust removal efficiency of commonly present road side trees and to identify the air pollution tolerant tree species for their suitability as sustainable green-filtration unit of urban areas. The study was conducted at tropical wet-dry climate city Gandhinagar of India and found that the maximum level of dust was deposited in winter season followed by summer and minimum in monsoon season. However, dust deposition negatively influence the leaf dry weight, photosynthesis pigments, membrane permeability, stomatal index and develop oxidative stress as measured in term of ascorbic acid in all the experimental trees. Study concluded that the Ficus religiosa is superior air pollution tolerant plant species with moderate dust removal capacity while Dalbergia sissoo is moderately air pollution tolerant species with highest dust removal capacity. Therefore, Ficus religiosa and Dalbergia sissoo could be preferred over other species to develop sustainable green-filtration space.
Keywords	Suspended particulate matter; Sustainable green filtration; Air pollution tolerance index; Membrane permeability; Stomatal index

Title	Impact of particulate matter on basmati rice varieties grown in Indo-Gangetic Plains of India: Growth, biochemical, physiological and yield attributes
Author Name	U.Mina, T.K. Chandrashekara, S. Naresh Kumar, M.C. Meena, S. Yadav, S. Tiwari, Deepak Singh, Pranav Kumar & Ram Kumar
Journal Name	Atmospheric Environment
Year	2018
Volume and Issue	188
Pages	174-184
Abstracts	The study presents the first experimental evidence of the effects of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) deposition on two basmati (scented) rice varieties [Pusa Basmati-1509 (PB-1509) and Pusa Sugandh-5 (PS-5)] grown in Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) of India. Atmospheric PM load at the experimental site during rice crop growth period (August–November) was in the range of 162–660 μgm−3. The rice varieties growth, biochemical, physiological and yield attributes were monitored under three levels of PM deposition namely - low levels of PM deposition (LPM), ambient levels of PM deposition (APM) and elevated levels of PM deposition (EPM). PM deposition and PM flux on the canopy of rice varieties were 400–574 μgcm−2 and 24–58 μgcm−2day−1, respectively. PM deposition was 4.5% higher on the PS-5 than PB-1509 and among growth stages; it was the highest during the reproductive growth stage. Significant reduction in chlorophyll, leaf water and carotenoid content were observed in both varieties under EPM compared to APM. The air pollution tolerance index (APTI) also declined significantly. PM deposition enhanced leaf temperature (1–6%) of rice varieties under EPM compared to APM. The reduction in photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration of rice varieties under EPM were in the range of 9–52%; 6–40% and 8–46%, respectively compared to APM. PM deposition effects on plant height, the number of tillers and recoverable root biomass were found non-significant. PS-5 and PB-1509 exhibited 4–7% enhancement and 7.5–14% reduction in grain yield under LPM and EPM compared to APM, respectively. The results of the study indicate that increasing atmospheric PM pollution in IGP may adversely affect productivity and economic gains from scented basmati varieties of rice.
Keywords	Indo-Gangetic plains; Particulate matter; Air pollution tolerance index; Pusa Basmati; Pusa Sugandhl; Yield

Title	Particulate matter pollution capture by leaves of seventeen living wall species with special reference to rail-traffic at a metropolitan station
Author Name	Udeshika Weerakkody, John W.Dover, Paul Mitchell & Kevin Reiling
Journal Name	Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
Year	2017
Volume and Issue	27
Pages	173-186
Abstracts	Atmospheric Particulate Matter (PM) constitutes a considerable fraction of urban air pollution, and urban greening is a potential method of mitigating this pollution. The value of living wall systems has received scant attention in this respect. This study examined the inter-species variation of particulate capture by leaves of seventeen plant species present in a living wall at New Street railway station, Birmingham, UK. The densities of different size fractions of particulate pollutants (PM1, PM2.5 and PM10) on 20 leaves per species were quantified using Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) and ImageJ image-analysis software. The overall ability of plant leaves to remove PM from air was quantified using PM density and LAI (Leaf Area Index); any inter-species variations were identified using one-way Anova followed by Tukey’s pairwise comparison. This study demonstrates a considerable potential for living wall plants to remove particulate pollutants from the atmosphere. PM capture levels on leaves of different plant species were significantly different for all particle size fractions (P < 0.001). Smaller-leaved Buxus sempervirens L., Hebe albicans Cockayne, Thymus vulgaris L. and Hebe x youngii Metcalf showed significantly higher capture levels for all PM size fractions. PM densities on adaxial surfaces of the leaves were significantly higher compared to abaxial surfaces in the majority of the species studied (t-test, P < 0.05). According to EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray) analysis, a wide spectrum of elements were captured by the leaves of the living wall plants, which were mainly typical railway exhaust particles and soil dust. Smaller leaves, and hairy and waxy leaf surfaces, appear to be leaf traits facilitating removal of PM from the air, and hence a collection of species which share these characters would probably optimize the benefit of living wall systems as atmospheric PM filters.
Keywords	Outdoor air pollution; Urban green infrastructure; Green walls; Railway pollution

Title	Evaluation of Air Pollution Status and Anticipated Performance Index of some Tree Species for Green Belt development in the holy city of Kurukshetra, India
Author Name	Smita Chaudhry, Jyoti Panwar
Journal Name	International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology
Year	2016
Volume and Issue	2,9
Pages	2349-6010
Abstracts	Urban air pollution is a global problem having considerable impact over health and vegetation. Green belts are recognized as effective tools for alleviation of air pollution. The present study was conducted to calculate the impact of air pollution over biochemical parameters of selected tree species at different locations of theholy city of Kurukshetra, Haryana. The ambient air quality status was monitored at 7 traffic intersections of the city for three consecutive years and the concentration of major air pollutants (SO₂, NO₂ and SPM) was measured. Suspended particulate matter concentration exceeded the prescribed limits of CPCB at all the locations. Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) of 10 common tree species was evaluated by determining biochemical parameters. The Anticipated Performance Index (API) of these plant species was also calculated by considering their APTI values together with other socio-economic and biological parameters. The most suitable plant species for green belt development in urban areas were identified and recommended. Mangifera indica and Eucalyptus tereticornis were classified in to ‘best’ category whereas, Ficus benghalensis and Ficus religiosa were identified as ‘good’ performers. The plant species identified are recommended for long-term management of air pollution.
Keywords	Air Pollution; Air Pollution Tolerance Index; Anticipated Performance Index; Green belt; Kurukshetra

Title	Particulate matter pollution capture by leaves of seventeen living wall species with special reference to rail-traffic at a metropolitan station
Author Name	Rüdiger Grote, Roeland Samson, Rocío Alonso, Jorge Humberto Amorim, Paloma Cariñanos, Galina Churkina, Silvano Fares, Didier Le Thiec, Ülo Niinemets, Teis Norgaard Mikkelsen, Elena Paoletti, Abhishek Tiwary, Carlo Calfapietra
Journal Name	Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
Year	2016
Volume and Issue	14,10
Pages	543–550
Abstracts	In an increasingly urbanized world, air pollution mitigation is considered one of most important issues in city planning. Urban trees help to improve air quality by facilitating widespread deposition of various gases and particles through the provision of large surface areas as well as through their influence on microclimate and air turbulence. However, many of these trees produce wind-dispersed pollen (a known allergen) and emit a range of gaseous substances that take part in photochemical reactions – all of which can negatively affect air quality. The degree to which these air-quality impacts are manifested depends on species-specific tree properties: that is, their “traits”. We summarize and discuss the current knowledge on how such traits affect urban air pollution. We also present aggregated traits of some of the most common tree species in Europe, which can be used as a decision-support tool for city planning and for improving urban air-quality models.
Keywords	Air turbulence; Allergen; traits

Title	Effect of street trees on microclimate and air pollution in a tropical city
Author Name	Lionel Sujay Vailshery, Madhumitha Jaganmohan, Harini Nagendra
Journal Name	Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
Year	2016
Volume and Issue	12-3
Pages	408–415
Abstracts	One of the fastest growing cities in India, Bangalore is facing challenges of urban microclimate change and increasing levels of air pollution. This paper assesses the impact of street trees in mitigating these issues. At twenty locations in the city, we compare segments of roads with and without trees, assessing the relationship of environmental differences with the presence or absence of street tree cover. Street segments with trees had on average lower temperature, humidity and pollution, with afternoon ambient air temperatures lower by as much as 5.6 °C, road surface temperatures lower by as much as 27.5 °C, and SO₂ levels reduced by as much as 65%. Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) levels were very high on exposed roads, with 50% of the roads showing levels approaching twice the permissible limits, while 80% of the street segments with trees had SPM levels within prescribed limits. In an era of exacerbated urbanization and climate change, tropical cities such as Bangalore will have to face some of the worst impacts including air pollution and microclimatic alterations. The information generated in this study can help appropriately assess the environmental benefits provided by urban trees, providing useful inputs for urban planners.
Keywords	Climate change; Sustainability; Tree plantation; Urban forests; Urban heat islands

Title	Simulation study of dispersion and removal of particulate matter from traffic by road-side vegetation barrier
Author Name	Tobi Eniolu Morakinyo, Yun Fat Lam
Journal Name	Environmental Science and Pollution Research
Year	2016
Volume and Issue	23,7
Pages	6709–6722
Abstracts	Well-positioned and configured vegetation barriers (VBs) have been suggested as one of the green infrastructures that could improve near-road (local) air quality. This is because of their influence on the underlying mechanisms: dispersion and mass removal (by deposition). Some studies have investigated air quality improvement by near-road vegetation barrier using the dispersion-related method while few studies have done the same using the deposition-related method. However, decision making on vegetation barrier’s configuration and placement for need-based maximum benefit requires a combined assessment with both methods which are not commonly found in a single study. In the present study, we employed a computational fluid dynamics model, ENVI-met, to evaluate the air quality benefit of near-road vegetation barrier using an integrated dispersion–deposition approach. A technique based on distance between source (road) and point of peak concentration before dwindling concentration downwind begins referred to as “distance to maximum concentration (DMC)” has been proposed to determine optimum position from source and thickness of vegetation barrier for improved dispersion and deposition-based benefit, respectively. Generally, a higher volume of vegetation barrier increases the overall mass removal while it weakens dispersion of pollutant within the same domain. Hence, the benefit of roadside vegetation barrier is need-based and can be expressed as either higher mass deposition or higher mass dispersion. Finally, recommendations on applications of our findings were presented.
Keywords	Dispersion; Deposition; Design optimization; Filtration collection efficiency; Near road Pollutant; reduction efficiency; Traffic pollution; Vegetation barrier

Title	Particulate matter bio-monitoring through magnetic properties of an Indo-Burma hotspot region
Author Name	Biku Moni Chutia, Prabhat Kumar Rai
Journal Name	Chemistry and Ecology
Year	2016
Volume and Issue	--
Pages	550-574
Abstracts	Present study aimed to investigate the bio-monitoring study of particulate matter (PM) pollutants of 12 roadside plant species, in Aizawl, Mizoram, India (an Indo-Burma hot spot region). While, the second part was ascribed to the bio-magnetic monitoring studies. Pertaining to first part of study, highest dust deposition was noted for Ramrikawn (RKN-Med) site on Ficus benghalensis (1.2 mg cm−2) and lowest in Bauhinia variegate (0.8 mg cm−2). Further, increased concentration of heavy metals (Fe, Cu and Zn) was recorded at RKN-Med site. Roadside plant leaves of F. bengalensis recorded maximum accumulation of Fe (26.1 mg kg−1) and Cu (19.5 mg kg−1) while Cassia auriculata (12.1 mg kg−1) showed lowest accumulation of Fe. B. variegate (1.88 mg kg−1) recorded lowest accumulation of Cu. Zn was recorded maximum (48.2 mg kg−1) in Mangifera indica while B. variegate showed lowest accumulation of 11.3 mg kg−1 Cu at Ramrikawn site. In relation to second part of the study, M. indica, Ficus benghalensis, Psidium guajava and Artocarpus heterophyllus were found to be efficient in bio-magnetic monitoring because all the magnetic properties (magnetic susceptibility, anhysteretic remanent magnetisation and isothermal remanent magnetisation) were high and significantly correlated with ambient PM (R2 = 0.424 to R2 = 0.998) thus may act as proxy for ambient PM.
Keywords	Urban ecosystem; human health; magnetic properties; Indo-Burma hot spot; heavy metals; eco-sustainable

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